APUSH chap 24 (first 10)

Louis Sullivan

An architect who is considered the “father of skyscrapers” and “Father of modernism”. He is known for his phrase "form follows function" and his innovative designs, such as the Wainwright Building in St. Louis. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Theodore Drier’s Sister Carrie, 1900

novel that explores themes of ambition, class struggle, and the changing dynamics of American society during the early 20th century. It follows the life of a young woman, Carrie Meeber (from Wisconsin), as she navigates urban life and seeks success in Chicago as she wishes for a glamourous life in the city.

William Marcy “Boss” Tweed

A notorious New York City politician and head of Tammany Hall in the 19th century, known for his corrupt practices and control of the city through patronage and bribery. Tweed was a key figure in the Democratic Party, manipulating elections and embezzling city funds, which ultimately led to his downfall and imprisonment.

Thomas Nast

An influential political cartoonist in the 19th century, known for his satirical illustrations that exposed corruption in politics, particularly targeting figures like Boss Tweed. His work helped to shape public opinion and contributed to the eventual downfall of Tweed and Tammany Hall.

Walter Rauschenbusch

An influential Baptist minister and key figure in the Social Gospel movement, advocating for social justice and improved conditions for the urban poor in the early 20th century.

Social Gospel

A religious movement within protestantism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that emphasized the application of Christian ethics to social problems, advocating for social justice, economic equality, and the improvement of society through collective action.

Jane Adams

key figure of the Progressive Era, famous for founding Chicago's Hull House (1889), the first major settlement house, which provided social services, education (like English classes), and support for immigrants and the poor and advocated for women's suffrage and labor rights.

Florence Kelley

Social and political reformer, coined the term wage abolitionism, and worked against sweatshops, for minimum wage, eight hour workdays, and children’s rights. She also helped found the National Child Labor Committee.

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

American Protective Association, 1887

Secret anti-catholic fraternal society that aimed to limit immigration and promote Protestant values in America.

Dwight Lyman Moody

An influential American evangelist in the late 19th century who founded the Moody Church and Moody Bible Institute, known for his preaching and urban revival meetings.

Mary Baker Eddy

Founder of Christian Science movement (mind over matter), author of "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures." and creator of The Church of Christ

Normal schools

institutions for training teachers, focusing on pedagogy and educational methods. Experienced a striking expansion after the Civil War.

Chautauqua movement

a successor to the secondary schools; achieved success through nationwide public lectures, often held in tents and featuring well-known speakers (old-timey TED talks)

Booker T. Washington

ex-slave that became the foremost champion of black education; avoided the issue of social equality, believed economic independence would be the ticket to black political and civil rights

W.E.B. Du Bois

assailed Booker T. Washington as an "Uncle Tom" who was condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority; was first black to earn a Ph.D.; demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped found NAACP

NAACP, 1909

National Association for the Advancement of the Colored People, founded by DuBois, the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights organization, founded in 1909 by Black leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois and white progressives, aiming to secure equal rights, end racial discrimination, and ensure political, educational, social, and economic equality for all people

Morrill Act, 1862

enlightened law passed after the South had seceded, provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education and the establishment of colleges focused on agriculture and the mechanical arts.

Hatch Act, 1867

provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

William James

one of America's most brilliant intellectuals, served for 35 years on the Harvard faculty; made a deep mark on many fields through his writing; believed truth was tested by action rather than theories and is known as the father of American pragmatism.

Carnegie Libraries

Carnegie had contributed $60 million for the construction of public libraries all over the country, promoting education and access to information for all citizens.

Joseph Pulitzer

a Hungarian-born, near-blind American newspaper publisher known for establishing the pattern of the modern newspaper with sensationalism and investigative journalism, he founded the New York World and created the Pulitzer Prizes for outstanding journalism.

Yellow Journalism

use of colored comic supplements to journalism, developed by Pulitzer. It often exaggerates or distorts news to provoke public interest and influence opinion.

William randolph Hearst

A powerful American newspaper publisher who built a media empire and was known for his practices in yellow journalism, competing directly with Joseph Pulitzer's publications. Began with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887.

Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1879

undertook to solve the "great enigma of our times, the association of progress with poverty." According to George, the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values, showering unearned profits on owners of land. Proposed controversial idea of a single 100% tax on those profits to eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth.

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 1888

socialist novel in which the hero, falling into a hypnotic sleep, awakens in the year 2000. He "looks backward" and finds the social and economic injustices of 1887 have melted away. The book was mildly utopian socialist but had magnetic appeal to a nation already alarmed by the trust evil

Gen. Lewis Wallace, Ben Hur, 1880

written by a lawyer and union general, it was a huge success; was sold in many languages and became the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the anti-Darwinists, who found in it support for the Holy Scriptures

Horatio Alger

a Puritan-reared New england author known for his popular novels about poor boys achieving success through hard work and determination, he became a key figure in promoting the "American Dream."

Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass

a great poet who wrote a collection of poetry first published in 1855, celebrating the human spirit, nature, and the individual while embracing themes of democracy and the American experience.

Emily Dickinson

one of America's most gifted lyric poets, did not become famous until her poems were discovered after her death, and is known for her unique style, including unconventional punctuation and slant rhyme.

Mark Twain

an American author and humorist known for his novels "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." His writing often was satire and filled with realism that critiqued Gilded Age society.

William Dean Howell

Novelist and editor who promoted literary realism in American literature. nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters". He was particularly known for his tenure as editor of The Atlantic Monthly, as well as for the novels The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Traveler from Altruria, and the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day

Stephen Crane, Red Badge of courage, 1895

An American poet, novelist, and short story writer, created realist novel depicting the psychological experience of war.

Henry James

Novelist who explored psychology, class, and transatlantic culture in complex prose.

Jack London

Naturalist writer whose adventure novels highlighted survival and social struggle.

Frank Norris

Naturalist author who exposed corporate corruption and economic exploitation.

Victoria Woodhull

Radical reformer, suffragist, and first woman to run for president.

Anthony Comstock

Moral crusader who pushed laws banning 'obscene' materials and birth control information.

Ida B. Wells

Journalist and activist who led an anti‑lynching campaign and fought for civil rights.

Woman’s Christian temperance Union

Women's reform group advocating temperance and broader social reforms.

Frances Willard

Influential WCTU leader who expanded the group’s activism into woman’s rights and social reform

Carrie A. Nation

Temperance activist famous for smashing saloons with a hatchet.

Clara Barton

Nurse who founded the American Red Cross and advanced emergency relief efforts.

Jame Whistler

American painter known for subtle, atmospheric works like Whistler's Mother.

John Singer Sargent

Portrait painter celebrated for elegant, realistic depictions of hig society

Thomas Eakins

Realist painter who emphasized anatomy, everyday life, and scientific accuracy. He is known for works like "The Gross Clinic" that showcase realism and human form.

Winslow Homer

American realist painter known for dramatic seascapes and depictions of rural life.

Phineas T. Barnum

Showman who created popular entertainment spectacles and co‑founded the Barnum & Bailey Circus. He was known for promoting hoaxes and curating a diverse range of performances, often called the "Greatest Show on Earth."

James Naismith

Physical educator who invented the game of basketball in 1891.