Plant Structure and Function exam 1

weeks 1 and 2

Meristems

localized regions of ongoing cell division that enable growth during post-embryonic development

Primary growth

the phase of plant development that gives rise to new organs and the basic plant form

Secondary growth

the increase in width or diameter or shoots and roots as it grows

Cambium

meristematic tissue that gives rise to secondary growth

vascular cambium

cambium layers that produce wood; arises in the vascular system between xylem and phloem of the primary plant body

Secondary xylem location

inner side of vascular cambium

Secondary phloem location

outer side of vascular cambium

cork cambium

phellogen; layer that produces periderm on woody plants

Plasma membrane model

fluid mosaic

fluid mosaic model

common molecular lipid-protein structure for all bio membranes

integral proteins in the plasma membrane

fully embedded channels

Saturated fats

straight structure w all single bonds

unsaturated fats

kinked chain with double bonds

What does the ER make

lipids

What does the ER do

moves all the pieces of a cell to where they need to go

Vacuoles are mainly

storage for secondary metabolites

What cell component is responsible for turgor pressure and takes up 95% of the cell volume

vacuole

Endomembrane system

Plasma membrane, ER, Nuclear Envelope, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuoles, Endosomes

Semiautonomous system

Mitochondria, Chloroplast

Endosymbiotic Theory

Early cells came along and absorbed smaller cells to do their bidding

Mitochondria function

respiration - sugar released and atp produced

Chloroplast function

site of photosynthesis

Chloroplast is a plastid?

yes

the three plastids we talked about

Chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and amyloplasts

Cytoskeleton function

organize parts of cell, structure, make new cells

Cytoskeleton made of two things

Microtubules and microfillaments

Microtubules

hollow inside; made of tubulins

Microfilaments

thread like; made of actin

7 functions of the cell wall

connection, exoskeleton, shape, diffusion barrier, sensory protein anchor, protection barrier, xylem strength

what charge does the cell wall have

negative charge

primary cell wall

1 micrometer thick; young cells

secondary cell wall

thicker and fortified after cell stops expanding

middle lamella

cements cells together

Cellulose

gives cells tensile strength, primary component of cell

cellulose composition

glucose units> molecules> microfibrils> fibers> lamellae(layers)

Hemicellulose

attached to cellulose and keep it in place

Hemicellulose composition

polysaccharide matrix of xyloglucan

Where is hemicellulose made

Golgi Apparatus

Where is hemicellulose delivered to from the golgi

plasma membrane

Pectin

The cement of the cell wall; filter and support

pectin composition

egg box model; jelly-like matrix when Ca is around

Cellulose microfibrils deposition determines what

direction of cell expansion

Plasmodesmata

connects multiple cells through cell walls

Dermal tissues

outer protective layer; epidermis in primary plant body

Dermal tissue examples

root hairs, microridges, trichomes, stomata

Ground Tissues

fill up the bulk of the plant, pith and cortex

3 kinds of ground tissue

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Parenchyma build

most stems, leaves, and roots

Parenchyma composition

living cells with thin primary walls

Parenchyma function

dividing, healing, and ability to become embryonic cells

Collenchyma location

under the epidermis and by petioles

Collenchyma composition

thickened primary cell wall

Collenchyma function

can continue to elongate after cell is matured

Sclerenchyma composition

fibers and sclereids; thick lignified secondary cell walls

Sclerenchyma function

crucial for strengthening tissues that have stopped elongating

Three kinds of tissues

ground, vascular, dermal

xylem and phloem make up what tissue

vascular

xylem moves

water and minerals from the root called treachery elements

xylem is made of

tracheids and vessel elements

xylem is dead at maturation

true

Phloem moves

photosynthates from the leaves to the roots, flowers, and seeds

phloem is living at maturation

true

phloem has non-lignifies cell walls

true

Phloem structure

each cell is connected with sieve plates and has a companion cell connected via plasmodesmata

Sieve tube cells stack to form sieve tube elements in

angiosperms

Sieve tube cells stack to form sieve cells in

gymnosperms