NEET 2025 Atomic Rank-Holder Manual – Biology (Part 1–3) Vocabulary Flashcards

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Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts, terms, and definitions from the NEET Biology notes (Ch. 1–34, Parts 1–3).

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160 Terms

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Growth

Increase in mass or cell number; a defining property of living organisms.

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Reproduction

Process by which organisms produce offspring; can be asexual or sexual.

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Metabolism

All total chemical reactions in an organism, including anabolism and catabolism.

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Cellular Organisation

All organisms are built from cells, the basic unit of life.

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Consciousness

Response to stimuli; considered a key defining property of living systems.

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Taxonomy

Classification of organisms; term coined by A.P. de Candolle.

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Systematics

Study of diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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Kingdom

Highest taxonomic rank in traditional hierarchies (e.g., Animalia, Plantae).

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Phylum/Division

Second/high-level taxonomic rank below kingdom (e.g., Chordata/Divisi).

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Class

Taxonomic rank below Phylum/Division and above Order.

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Order

Taxonomic category between Class and Family.

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Family

Taxonomic group of related genera.

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Genus

Group of species that are closely related; capitalized in binomial names.

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Species

Basic unit of classification; a group capable of interbreeding.

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Binomial Nomenclature

System of naming species with two terms: genus and species (e.g., Homo sapiens).

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Herbarium

A collection of dried, pressed plant specimens labeled for study.

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Botanical Gardens

Living plant collections kept for study, display, and conservation.

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Museums

Preserved plants and animals (often in jars or displays) for education.

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Zoological Parks

Protected environments where animals are housed for study and conservation.

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Keys

Dichotomous keys used for identification of organisms.

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Aristotle

Early classification of animals; contributed to taxonomy.

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Linnaeus

Father of Taxonomy; developed binomial nomenclature.

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Ernst Mayr

Biological species concept advocate; major figure in systematics.

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Prokaryote

Organism lacking a true nucleus; includes Bacteria and Archaea.

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Eukaryote

Organisms with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Monera

Kingdom of prokaryotes (historical; includes Bacteria, cyanobacteria).

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Protista

Kingdom of mostly single-celled eukaryotes; diverse group.

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Fungi

Kingdom with chitin in cell walls; saprophytic/parasitic; reproduces by spores.

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Plantae

Kingdom of plants; autotrophs with cell walls of cellulose.

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Animalia

Kingdom of animals; heterotrophs lacking cell walls.

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Peptidoglycan

Bacterial cell wall polymer made of NAM and NAG.

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NAM

N-acetylmuramic acid; a subunit of peptidoglycan.

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NAG

N-acetylglucosamine; a subunit of peptidoglycan.

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Chlorophyceae

Green algae; chlorophyll a and b with starch storage.

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Phaeophyceae

Brown algae; chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin; laminarin as storage.

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Rhodophyceae

Red algae; chlorophyll a and d with phycoerythrin.

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Laminarin

Storage polysaccharide in brown algae.

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Fucoxanthin

Accessory pigment giving brown coloration in some algae.

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Bryophyte

Non-vascular land plants; dominant gametophyte; examples: moss, liverworts.

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Pteridophyte

Early vascular plants; dominant sporophyte; true xylem and phloem.

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Gymnosperm

Naked seeds; gymnosperms like Pinus and Cycas.

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Angiosperm

Flowering plants with enclosed seeds in fruits.

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Double fertilisation

Unique to angiosperms; leads to embryo and endosperm formation.

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Dicot

Angiosperm with two cotyledons and reticulate leaf venation.

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Monocot

Angiosperm with one cotyledon and parallel leaf venation.

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Reticulate venation

Net-like leaf venation seen in dicots.

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Parallel venation

Parallel leaf venation seen in monocots.

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Porifera

Sponges; simplest animals with cellular-level organization.

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Cnidaria

Radially symmetrical animals like Hydra and jellyfish.

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Platyhelminthes

Flatworms; bilateral, often acoelomate.

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Nematoda

Roundworms; pseudocoelomate.

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Annelida

Segmented worms; true coelomate.

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Arthropoda

Largest animal phylum; jointed appendages; exoskeleton.

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Mollusca

Phylum with snails, clams, octopuses; diverse body plans.

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Echinodermata

Marine invertebrates; radial symmetry as adults.

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Chordata

Animals with notochord; includes vertebrates.

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Taproot

Main central root system typical of many dicots.

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Fibrous root

Many thin roots; typical of monocots.

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Adventitious roots

Roots arising from non-root parts (e.g., stems).

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Rhizome

Underground stem; vegetative propagation (ginger).

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Tuber

Storage stem; potato is an example.

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Bulb

Compressed underground stem with fleshy leaves (onion).

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Tendril

Leaf or stem modification for support (cucumber).

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Thorns

Hard protective outgrowth on stems or branches.

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Racemose

Inflorescence with an indefinite number of flowers (e.g., sunflower).

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Cymose

Inflorescence with a definite, branched pattern.

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Meristematic tissue

Growth tissue with actively dividing cells.

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Protoderm

Outer meristem giving rise to epidermis.

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Procambium

Meristem forming primary vascular tissues.

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Ground meristem

Meristem forming ground tissues.

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Apical

Meristem at the tips of roots and shoots.

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Intercalary

Meristem located at internodes or leaf bases.

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Lateral

Cambial meristem contributing to secondary growth.

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Parenchyma

Living, thin-walled plant tissue; storage and photosynthesis.

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Collenchyma

Living tissue with uneven thickening; support.

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Sclerenchyma

Dead, lignified support tissue (fibres, sclereids).

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Xylem

Vascular tissue for water and mineral transport; vessels and tracheids.

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Phloem

Vascular tissue for transport of food (sugars).

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Epidermal tissue system

Outer protective layer; includes cuticle, stomata, trichomes.

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Ground tissue system

Cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith; basic metabolic functions.

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Vascular tissue system

Xylem and phloem; conduits for water, minerals, and sugar.

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Secondary growth

Growth in thickness; involves cambium and cork cambium.

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Cork cambium

Phellogen; produces cork (phellem) and phelloderm.

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Phellogen

Another term for cork cambium.

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Phelloderm

Inner cork layer produced by cork cambium.

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Heartwood

Dark, non-functional wood providing support.

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Sapwood

Functional outer wood that conducts water.

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Mitosis

Cell division yielding two identical diploid cells.

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Meiosis

Reduction division yielding four haploid gametes; genetic variation.

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Leptotene

First substage of Prophase I in meiosis.

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Zygotene

Second substage of Prophase I.

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Pachytene

Third substage of Prophase I where crossing over occurs.

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Diplotene

Fourth substage of Prophase I; homologous chromosomes begin to separate.

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Diakinesis

Final substage of Prophase I; chromosomes condense further.

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Crossing over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

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Lac operon

Bacterial gene regulation model controlling lactose metabolism.

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Darwin

Proposed theory of natural selection driving evolution.

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Hardy-Weinberg

Principle describing genetic equilibrium in a population.

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Monohybrid cross

Cross examining single gene with two alleles.

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Dihybrid cross

Cross examining two genes with two alleles each.