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Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts, terms, and definitions from the NEET Biology notes (Ch. 1–34, Parts 1–3).
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Growth
Increase in mass or cell number; a defining property of living organisms.
Reproduction
Process by which organisms produce offspring; can be asexual or sexual.
Metabolism
All total chemical reactions in an organism, including anabolism and catabolism.
Cellular Organisation
All organisms are built from cells, the basic unit of life.
Consciousness
Response to stimuli; considered a key defining property of living systems.
Taxonomy
Classification of organisms; term coined by A.P. de Candolle.
Systematics
Study of diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Kingdom
Highest taxonomic rank in traditional hierarchies (e.g., Animalia, Plantae).
Phylum/Division
Second/high-level taxonomic rank below kingdom (e.g., Chordata/Divisi).
Class
Taxonomic rank below Phylum/Division and above Order.
Order
Taxonomic category between Class and Family.
Family
Taxonomic group of related genera.
Genus
Group of species that are closely related; capitalized in binomial names.
Species
Basic unit of classification; a group capable of interbreeding.
Binomial Nomenclature
System of naming species with two terms: genus and species (e.g., Homo sapiens).
Herbarium
A collection of dried, pressed plant specimens labeled for study.
Botanical Gardens
Living plant collections kept for study, display, and conservation.
Museums
Preserved plants and animals (often in jars or displays) for education.
Zoological Parks
Protected environments where animals are housed for study and conservation.
Keys
Dichotomous keys used for identification of organisms.
Aristotle
Early classification of animals; contributed to taxonomy.
Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy; developed binomial nomenclature.
Ernst Mayr
Biological species concept advocate; major figure in systematics.
Prokaryote
Organism lacking a true nucleus; includes Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryote
Organisms with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Monera
Kingdom of prokaryotes (historical; includes Bacteria, cyanobacteria).
Protista
Kingdom of mostly single-celled eukaryotes; diverse group.
Fungi
Kingdom with chitin in cell walls; saprophytic/parasitic; reproduces by spores.
Plantae
Kingdom of plants; autotrophs with cell walls of cellulose.
Animalia
Kingdom of animals; heterotrophs lacking cell walls.
Peptidoglycan
Bacterial cell wall polymer made of NAM and NAG.
NAM
N-acetylmuramic acid; a subunit of peptidoglycan.
NAG
N-acetylglucosamine; a subunit of peptidoglycan.
Chlorophyceae
Green algae; chlorophyll a and b with starch storage.
Phaeophyceae
Brown algae; chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin; laminarin as storage.
Rhodophyceae
Red algae; chlorophyll a and d with phycoerythrin.
Laminarin
Storage polysaccharide in brown algae.
Fucoxanthin
Accessory pigment giving brown coloration in some algae.
Bryophyte
Non-vascular land plants; dominant gametophyte; examples: moss, liverworts.
Pteridophyte
Early vascular plants; dominant sporophyte; true xylem and phloem.
Gymnosperm
Naked seeds; gymnosperms like Pinus and Cycas.
Angiosperm
Flowering plants with enclosed seeds in fruits.
Double fertilisation
Unique to angiosperms; leads to embryo and endosperm formation.
Dicot
Angiosperm with two cotyledons and reticulate leaf venation.
Monocot
Angiosperm with one cotyledon and parallel leaf venation.
Reticulate venation
Net-like leaf venation seen in dicots.
Parallel venation
Parallel leaf venation seen in monocots.
Porifera
Sponges; simplest animals with cellular-level organization.
Cnidaria
Radially symmetrical animals like Hydra and jellyfish.
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms; bilateral, often acoelomate.
Nematoda
Roundworms; pseudocoelomate.
Annelida
Segmented worms; true coelomate.
Arthropoda
Largest animal phylum; jointed appendages; exoskeleton.
Mollusca
Phylum with snails, clams, octopuses; diverse body plans.
Echinodermata
Marine invertebrates; radial symmetry as adults.
Chordata
Animals with notochord; includes vertebrates.
Taproot
Main central root system typical of many dicots.
Fibrous root
Many thin roots; typical of monocots.
Adventitious roots
Roots arising from non-root parts (e.g., stems).
Rhizome
Underground stem; vegetative propagation (ginger).
Tuber
Storage stem; potato is an example.
Bulb
Compressed underground stem with fleshy leaves (onion).
Tendril
Leaf or stem modification for support (cucumber).
Thorns
Hard protective outgrowth on stems or branches.
Racemose
Inflorescence with an indefinite number of flowers (e.g., sunflower).
Cymose
Inflorescence with a definite, branched pattern.
Meristematic tissue
Growth tissue with actively dividing cells.
Protoderm
Outer meristem giving rise to epidermis.
Procambium
Meristem forming primary vascular tissues.
Ground meristem
Meristem forming ground tissues.
Apical
Meristem at the tips of roots and shoots.
Intercalary
Meristem located at internodes or leaf bases.
Lateral
Cambial meristem contributing to secondary growth.
Parenchyma
Living, thin-walled plant tissue; storage and photosynthesis.
Collenchyma
Living tissue with uneven thickening; support.
Sclerenchyma
Dead, lignified support tissue (fibres, sclereids).
Xylem
Vascular tissue for water and mineral transport; vessels and tracheids.
Phloem
Vascular tissue for transport of food (sugars).
Epidermal tissue system
Outer protective layer; includes cuticle, stomata, trichomes.
Ground tissue system
Cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith; basic metabolic functions.
Vascular tissue system
Xylem and phloem; conduits for water, minerals, and sugar.
Secondary growth
Growth in thickness; involves cambium and cork cambium.
Cork cambium
Phellogen; produces cork (phellem) and phelloderm.
Phellogen
Another term for cork cambium.
Phelloderm
Inner cork layer produced by cork cambium.
Heartwood
Dark, non-functional wood providing support.
Sapwood
Functional outer wood that conducts water.
Mitosis
Cell division yielding two identical diploid cells.
Meiosis
Reduction division yielding four haploid gametes; genetic variation.
Leptotene
First substage of Prophase I in meiosis.
Zygotene
Second substage of Prophase I.
Pachytene
Third substage of Prophase I where crossing over occurs.
Diplotene
Fourth substage of Prophase I; homologous chromosomes begin to separate.
Diakinesis
Final substage of Prophase I; chromosomes condense further.
Crossing over
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
Lac operon
Bacterial gene regulation model controlling lactose metabolism.
Darwin
Proposed theory of natural selection driving evolution.
Hardy-Weinberg
Principle describing genetic equilibrium in a population.
Monohybrid cross
Cross examining single gene with two alleles.
Dihybrid cross
Cross examining two genes with two alleles each.