Behavior Problems (DOGS)

When diagnosing behavior problems in dogs, veterinarians must:
A. Focus only on medical illness
B. Distinguish normal but undesirable behaviors from abnormal behaviors due to underlying behavior disorders
C. Ignore all normal behaviors
D. Assume all undesirable behaviors are abnormal

B. Distinguish normal but undesirable behaviors from abnormal behaviors due to underlying behavior disorders

Which of the following is considered a normal but undesirable canine behavior?
A. Exclusively tail-chasing
B. Pulling on the leash, digging, destructive chewing, urine marking, predation, and play biting
C. Only aggression
D. Only excessive sleeping

B. Pulling on the leash, digging, destructive chewing, urine marking, predation, and play biting

Problem behaviors that arise from inadvertent reinforcement include:
A. Constant sleeping
B. Attention-seeking barking, food begging, and object stealing
C. Only tail-chasing
D. Running in circles randomly

B. Attention-seeking barking, food begging, and object stealing

Behaviors that occur in excess and can be disruptive to owners may include:
A. Normal sleeping patterns
B. Excessive fear, anxiety, arousal, and impulsivity leading to aggression, repetitive movement disorders, separation anxiety, and noise phobias
C. Standard play behavior
D. Mild curiosity

B. Excessive fear, anxiety, arousal, and impulsivity leading to aggression, repetitive movement disorders, separation anxiety, and noise phobias

Behavior problems can develop due to:
A. Exclusive grooming routines
B. Indoor temperature alone
C. Genetic factors, stressful perinatal environment, insufficient early socialization, medical conditions affecting brain health, and traumatic environmental events
D. Only diet issues

C. Genetic factors, stressful perinatal environment, insufficient early socialization, medical conditions affecting brain health, and traumatic environmental events

Before diagnosing a behavior problem, it is essential to:
A. Rule out possible medical causes or contributing factors, particularly pain
B. Focus only on age and breed
C. Skip medical evaluation
D. Assume behavior is purely environmental

A. Rule out possible medical causes or contributing factors, particularly pain

Studies of veterinary behaviorist cases found that pain was a contributing factor in what percentage of patients?
A. 0%
B. 28% to 82%
C. 90% to 100%
D. 5% to 10%

B. 28% to 82%

If medical causes have been excluded, diagnosis of behavior problems relies on:
A. Ignoring prior behaviors
B. Careful history, observation of the dog’s behavior, and assessment of physical and behavioral health
C. Treating only with medication
D. Guessing the cause based on owner report only

B. Careful history, observation of the dog’s behavior, and assessment of physical and behavioral health

Before implementing a treatment to manage a behavior problem in a dog, veterinarians should first:
A. Only restrict the dog’s environment
B. Teach the owner to read canine body language and facial expressions
C. Immediately prescribe medication
D. Ignore the owner’s knowledge of the dog

B. Teach the owner to read canine body language and facial expressions

An initial discussion with the owner should include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Reviewing the cause, diagnosis, and motivation behind the behavior
B. Using punishment to suppress undesirable behaviors
C. Ensuring the dog’s needs are met
D. Providing a prognosis and realistic expectations

B. Using punishment to suppress undesirable behaviors

For normal but undesirable behaviors, owners should:
A. Receive guidance on meeting dogs' behavioral needs and understanding learning principles
B. Ignore the behaviors
C. Use positive punishment to suppress behavior
D. Only rely on medications

A. Receive guidance on meeting dogs' behavioral needs and understanding learning principles

Why should positive punishment be avoided in behavior management?
A. It suppresses undesirable behavior but does not teach alternatives and can cause fear, anxiety, or aggression
B. It reduces owner responsibility
C. It always increases desirable behavior
D. It makes dogs learn faster

A. It suppresses undesirable behavior but does not teach alternatives and can cause fear, anxiety, or aggression

When treating fear, anxiety, or aggression-related behaviors, the first step is often:
A. Punishing the dog for fearful responses
B. Environmental management to prevent further problems
C. Immediate use of psychotropic drugs
D. Ignoring the stimulus

B. Environmental management to prevent further problems

Behavior modification programs often use a:
A. Cue-response-reward system, where the dog performs a cued behavior before gaining access to a reward
B. Random reinforcement
C. Ignorance-based training
D. Positive punishment system

A. Cue-response-reward system, where the dog performs a cued behavior before gaining access to a reward

Clicker training is particularly useful because it:
A. Causes fear in the dog
B. Marks the precise moment a desirable behavior occurs, facilitating shaping toward the final goal
C. Works only with treats
D. Replaces the need for behavior modification

B. Marks the precise moment a desirable behavior occurs, facilitating shaping toward the final goal

Before training, highly aroused dogs should:
A. Have arousal decreased via settling on cue or minimizing stimulus intensity
B. Be immediately exposed to full-intensity triggers
C. Be ignored
D. Receive punishment for arousal

A. Have arousal decreased via settling on cue or minimizing stimulus intensity

Behavioral pharmacotherapy is used in dogs to:
A. Reestablish a more stable emotional state and improve trainability alongside behavior modification
B. Replace the need for behavior modification entirely
C. Increase fear response
D. Only be used in aggressive dogs

A. Reestablish a more stable emotional state and improve trainability alongside behavior modification

Which class of drugs is commonly used as first-line pharmacotherapy for anxiety in dogs?
A. NSAIDs
B. Beta-blockers
C. Antibiotics
D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Fluoxetine is typically used for:
A. Canine separation anxiety and other behavior problems such as aggression and compulsive behaviors
B. Treating infections
C. Pain management only
D. Dietary supplementation

A. Canine separation anxiety and other behavior problems such as aggression and compulsive behaviors

Clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), is primarily used for:
A. Fever reduction
B. Separation anxiety and as an alternative to fluoxetine for anxiety disorders and phobias
C. Enhancing appetite only
D. Pain control

B. Separation anxiety and as an alternative to fluoxetine for anxiety disorders and phobias

As-needed (rapid-onset) medications are indicated when:
A. The dog is well-socialized
B. Chronic anxiety occurs only at home
C. A fear stimulus can be anticipated
D. No stimuli are present

C. A fear stimulus can be anticipated

Which medication is FDA-approved for canine noise aversion with rapid onset?
A. Clomipramine
B. Dexmedetomidine oral gel
C. Buspirone
D. Fluoxetine

B. Dexmedetomidine oral gel

Which of the following natural or adjunctive therapies may help alleviate anxiety in dogs?
A. NSAIDs only
B. Pheromones, alpha-casozepine, L-theanine, aromatherapy, Magnolia officinalis, Phellodendron amurense
C. Corticosteroids only
D. Antibiotics

B. Pheromones, alpha-casozepine, L-theanine, aromatherapy, Magnolia officinalis, Phellodendron amurense

Dietary supplementation for anxiety may include:
A. High sugar foods
B. High-fat human snacks
C. L-tryptophan, alpha-casozepine, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics
D. Vitamin C only

C. L-tryptophan, alpha-casozepine, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics

Which statement correctly distinguishes fear, anxiety, and phobia in dogs?
A. Phobia is a normal and adaptive response to immediate danger
B. Fear is a response to a present or immediate threat, anxiety is sustained apprehension, and phobia is an irrational, maladaptive fear
C. Anxiety is always maladaptive
D. Fear and phobia are the same and interchangeable

B. Fear is a response to a present or immediate threat, anxiety is sustained apprehension, and phobia is an irrational, maladaptive fear

Contributors to excessive anxiety and fearfulness in dogs include:
A. Genetic factors and early negative experiences, including prenatal stress
B. Regular exposure to a varied environment
C. Positive socialization during the socialization period
D. Routine training and enrichment

A. Genetic factors and early negative experiences, including prenatal stress

Common inanimate triggers of phobias in dogs include:
A. Unfamiliar dogs and people
B. Thunderstorms, fireworks, veterinary clinics, wooden floors, car rides
C. Owner interaction
D. Consistent playtime with familiar toys

B. Thunderstorms, fireworks, veterinary clinics, wooden floors, car rides

What is a “global fear” in dogs?
A. Fear of one discrete stimulus
B. Fear responses that occur in many contexts
C. Normal exploratory behavior
D. A phobia of specific noises only

B. Fear responses that occur in many contexts

Clinical signs of acute fear and anxiety can include:
A. Tachycardia, tachypnea, excessive salivation, GI disturbance, low body posture, piloerection, vocalization
B. Increased appetite and playfulness
C. Decreased heart rate and relaxation
D. Ignoring all stimuli

A. Tachycardia, tachypnea, excessive salivation, GI disturbance, low body posture, piloerection, vocalization

Which factor influences a fearful dog’s behavioral response to a stimulus?
A. Context, genetic predisposition, and past experience
B. Random chance only
C. The owner’s presence alone
D. Breed exclusively

A. Context, genetic predisposition, and past experience

What is the first step in treating phobias of discrete stimuli in dogs?
A. Flooding the dog with the full-intensity stimulus
B. Identifying each situation, stimulus, and interaction to implement avoidance strategies
C. Immediate use of behavioral pharmacotherapy without other interventions
D. Ignoring the dog’s fear

B. Identifying each situation, stimulus, and interaction to implement avoidance strategies

Which intervention is recommended for dogs with noise phobias?
A. Flooding with loud sounds repeatedly
B. Soundproofing, white noise, ear covers, noise-canceling headphones, and safe havens
C. Isolating the dog from all human contact
D. Exposing the dog to the full intensity of noise without preparation

B. Soundproofing, white noise, ear covers, noise-canceling headphones, and safe havens

What is the goal of behavior modification for phobias?
A. Gradually expose the dog to stimuli while it remains calm and free of anxiety
B. Force the dog to confront the stimulus at full intensity immediately
C. Avoid all controlled exposure
D. Use punishment to suppress fear responses

A. Gradually expose the dog to stimuli while it remains calm and free of anxiety

Counterconditioning in fear and phobia treatment involves:
A. Pairing a feared stimulus with something pleasurable to shift emotional response
B. Ignoring the stimulus completely
C. Using negative reinforcement to increase fear
D. Forcing exposure to the full stimulus intensity

A. Pairing a feared stimulus with something pleasurable to shift emotional response

Why is flooding not recommended for treating phobias in dogs?
A. It is difficult to implement, can increase sensitization, and has negative welfare implications
B. It works too quickly
C. Dogs cannot perceive stimuli
D. It requires medications

A. It is difficult to implement, can increase sensitization, and has negative welfare implications

What role does operant conditioning play in controlled exposure therapy?
A. Teaching cues for avoidance or relaxing on cue to manage arousal during exposure
B. Ignoring dog behavior
C. Immediate punishment for undesired responses
D. Flooding at maximum intensity

A. Teaching cues for avoidance or relaxing on cue to manage arousal during exposure

Which rapid-onset medications are used for discrete, anticipatable fear triggers in dogs?
A. Dexmedetomidine oral gel, trazodone, clonidine, alprazolam
B. Antibiotics and analgesics
C. NSAIDs
D. Beta-blockers only

A. Dexmedetomidine oral gel, trazodone, clonidine, alprazolam

When might maintenance medications be indicated for anxiety or phobia in dogs?
A. When exposure to frightening stimuli is chronic or unpredictable
B. Only for mild, situational anxiety
C. For short-term exposure to discrete stimuli
D. When the dog is well-socialized

A. When exposure to frightening stimuli is chronic or unpredictable

Which condition is characterized by physical or behavioral signs of distress during or in anticipation of absence from caregivers?
A. Generalized anxiety
B. Separation distress disorder
C. Thunderstorm phobia
D. Simple fear

B. Separation distress disorder

Which clinical signs may be observed in separation distress disorder?
A. Destructive behavior, distress vocalization, pacing, restlessness, inability to settle, anorexia, compulsive behaviors
B. Hyperactivity during play only
C. Decreased appetite with no other signs
D. Aggression toward strangers exclusively

A. Destructive behavior, distress vocalization, pacing, restlessness, inability to settle, anorexia, compulsive behaviors

Which treatment strategy is recommended for mild separation anxiety in dogs?
A. Counterconditioning, relaxation in a designated area, high-value food or chews, removing items after the owner returns
B. Leaving the dog alone for long periods immediately
C. Flooding the dog with absence cues
D. Using only rapid-onset medications without behavior modification

A. Counterconditioning, relaxation in a designated area, high-value food or chews, removing items after the owner returns

For moderate to severe separation anxiety, what is the purpose of a safety signal?
A. It indicates that the owner will return and increases predictability of departures
B. It signals punishment
C. It increases stress by warning the dog
D. It is a random cue unrelated to departures

A. It indicates that the owner will return and increases predictability of departures

Which medications are FDA-approved for canine separation anxiety in conjunction with behavior modification?
A. Fluoxetine (SSRI) and clomipramine (TCA)
B. Gabapentin and trazodone only
C. Alprazolam and clonidine exclusively
D. Any herbal supplement

A. Fluoxetine (SSRI) and clomipramine (TCA)

Rapid-onset medications for separation anxiety are indicated when:
A. The dog must be left alone before the daily maintenance medication takes effect
B. The dog is not left alone
C. Only for chronic, unchanging anxiety
D. Never, because behavior modification is sufficient

A. The dog must be left alone before the daily maintenance medication takes effect

Which statement about aggression in dogs is correct?
A. Aggression always indicates a pathological temperament
B. Aggression is the use of force or threat of force and should be considered context-dependent, not a temperament label
C. Aggression is synonymous with being “vicious” or “mean”
D. Aggression is never adaptive

B. Aggression is the use of force or threat of force and should be considered context-dependent, not a temperament label

Aggression in the animal world is:
A. Always pathological
B. A normal and adaptive response to threat that enables self-preservation
C. Only offensive
D. Never appropriate

B. A normal and adaptive response to threat that enables self-preservation

Aggression is considered pathological when:
A. It occurs out of scale or out of context for the situation or environment
B. It is defensive and proportional
C. It is used for self-preservation
D. It occurs in a normal context

A. It occurs out of scale or out of context for the situation or environment

In North American referral practices, aggression accounts for approximately:
A. 20% of the caseload
B. 50% of the caseload
C. 70% of the caseload
D. 90% of the caseload

C. 70% of the caseload

Most forms of aggression in dogs are:
A. Offensive
B. Dispersive, motivated by a desire to create distance between the dog and the target of aggression
C. Play-related
D. Maternal

B. Dispersive, motivated by a desire to create distance between the dog and the target of aggression

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the development of aggression?
A. Genetics
B. Early development
C. Previous experience and learning
D. Eye color

D. Eye color

Before treating aggression, the veterinarian must:
A. Immediately start medication
B. Evaluate for medical conditions and assess risk of injury to humans and other animals
C. Punish the dog for aggressive acts
D. Ignore minor aggressive behavior

B. Evaluate for medical conditions and assess risk of injury to humans and other animals

Which is a critical issue in prognosis for aggression?
A. Predictability of the dog’s aggressive response
B. Age of the dog
C. Breed of the dog only
D. Color of the dog

A. Predictability of the dog’s aggressive response

Which is a key management step to minimize immediate risk of injury in aggressive dogs?
A. Confronting the dog
B. Avoiding all known and suspected triggers of aggression
C. Forcing socialization
D. Ignoring aggressive signals

B. Avoiding all known and suspected triggers of aggression

Positive reinforcement training is important because it:
A. Increases confrontation
B. Improves communication and provides a foundation for behavior modification
C. Punishes aggressive behavior
D. Has no effect on aggression

B. Improves communication and provides a foundation for behavior modification

Medications can help in treating aggression by:
A. Eliminating all aggressive tendencies immediately
B. Achieving a behavioral state conducive to new learning
C. Increasing arousal
D. Substituting for behavior modification

B. Achieving a behavioral state conducive to new learning

Fear-related aggression is motivated by:
A. Desire to play
B. Aggressive behavior to ward off a perceived threat
C. Hunger
D. Maternal instinct

B. Aggressive behavior to ward off a perceived threat

Fear-related aggression can appear offensive over time because:
A. The dog becomes calm
B. The dog learns to display aggression proactively in anticipation of a threat
C. The dog stops responding to stimuli
D. The dog only displays aggression to toys

B. The dog learns to display aggression proactively in anticipation of a threat

A diagnosis of fear-related aggression should include:
A. Identifying signs of fear
B. Noting a history and progression of fear and aggression
C. Ruling out physical health problems that cause discomfort or pain
D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Redirected aggression occurs when:
A. The dog is aggressive toward its primary target
B. The dog directs aggression toward a third party when prevented from targeting the primary aggression target
C. The dog is relaxed
D. The dog is playing

B. The dog directs aggression toward a third party when prevented from targeting the primary aggression target

Territorial aggression can occur in:
A. Only the home
B. Only the yard
C. Stationary or mobile territory, including cars
D. Only in play areas

C. Stationary or mobile territory, including cars

Contextual fear can contribute to territorial aggression because:
A. The dog always escapes
B. Space might make it difficult for the dog to choose escape when a visitor enters
C. The dog is never fearful
D. The dog does not guard resources

B. Space might make it difficult for the dog to choose escape when a visitor enters

Conflict aggression arises from:
A. Predictable, calm interactions
B. Anxiety, uncertainty, or conflict during an interaction
C. Play behavior
D. Hunting instinct

B. Anxiety, uncertainty, or conflict during an interaction

Conflict aggression can be triggered by:
A. Unwanted handling or removal of a valued resource
B. Calm resting
C. Sleeping
D. Eating

A. Unwanted handling or removal of a valued resource

Aggression toward family members is often mislabeled as:
A. Play aggression
B. Dominance or status-related aggression
C. Predatory aggression
D. Territorial aggression

B. Dominance or status-related aggression

Possessive aggression is most commonly displayed when:
A. A dog is guarding food, treats, toys, resting places, or preferred individuals
B. A dog is sleeping alone
C. A dog is outside
D. A dog is hunting

A. A dog is guarding food, treats, toys, resting places, or preferred individuals

Aggression toward other dogs in the household can result from:
A. Resource guarding
B. Fear and anxiety
C. Poor intraspecific communication skills
D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The risk of interdog aggression within a household is:
A. Highest in male-female pairs
B. Highest in female-female pairs
C. Highest in male-male pairs
D. Nonexistent

B. Highest in female-female pairs

Play aggression differs from other aggression types because:
A. It lacks intent to threaten or harm
B. It always escalates to predatory aggression
C. It occurs only in older dogs
D. It is always pathological

A. It lacks intent to threaten or harm

Predatory aggression is dangerous because:
A. There is usually no warning and the bite is uninhibited
B. It is easily predicted
C. It occurs only toward other dogs
D. It is never harmful

A. There is usually no warning and the bite is uninhibited

Maternal aggression typically resolves when:
A. Puppies are weaned and/or the hormonal state returns to normal
B. The dog is fed
C. The dog is left alone
D. The dog is exercised

A. Puppies are weaned and/or the hormonal state returns to normal

Pain-induced or medically caused aggression can result from:
A. Discomfort such as pruritus or nausea
B. Renal, hepatic, or CNS disease
C. Endocrinopathies such as hyperadrenocorticism or thyroid dysfunction
D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Treatment of pain-induced aggression requires:
A. Ignoring physical health problems
B. Diagnosis and treatment of the underlying physical health problem
C. Immediate punishment of aggression
D. Play therapy only

B. Diagnosis and treatment of the underlying physical health problem

Fear learning from pain can result in:
A. Defensive aggression even after the physical problem is resolved
B. Calm behavior
C. Play aggression
D. Predatory aggression

A. Defensive aggression even after the physical problem is resolved

Behavior modification for pain-induced or fear-learned aggression should include:
A. Desensitization and counterconditioning
B. Punishment
C. Ignoring the dog
D. Confrontation

A. Desensitization and counterconditioning

Abnormal repetitive behaviors occur on a spectrum that includes:
A. Only stress displacement behaviors
B. Only stereotypies
C. Stress displacement behaviors, stereotypies, and canine compulsive disorder
D. Only canine compulsive disorder

C. Stress displacement behaviors, stereotypies, and canine compulsive disorder

Medical pathologies that can be present with abnormal repetitive behavior disorders include:
A. Only GI problems
B. Only dermatological problems
C. Neurological, dermatological, GI, and other medical pathologies
D. Only neurological problems

C. Neurological, dermatological, GI, and other medical pathologies

Stress displacement behaviors are:
A. Normal behaviors that occur out of context and restore emotional homeostasis during times of heightened stress or frustration
B. Pathological and harmful
C. Never observed in dogs
D. Always compulsive

A. Normal behaviors that occur out of context and restore emotional homeostasis during times of heightened stress or frustration

Common stress displacement behaviors include:
A. Only tail chasing
B. Only pacing
C. Tail chasing, spinning, pacing, scratching, and digging
D. Only digging

C. Tail chasing, spinning, pacing, scratching, and digging

Frequent stress displacement behaviors might indicate:
A. Age-related change
B. Persistent anxiety or a problem in the environment
C. Genetic defect
D. Normal play

B. Persistent anxiety or a problem in the environment

Stereotypies develop when:
A. Dogs are isolated briefly
B. The environment persistently fails to provide sufficient outlets for engagement in normal behavior
C. There is no stress
D. The dog is well-stimulated

B. The environment persistently fails to provide sufficient outlets for engagement in normal behavior

Stereotypies are:
A. Always compulsive
B. Only a form of play
C. Repetitive behaviors that tend to be unvaried in sequence
D. Always beneficial

C. Repetitive behaviors that tend to be unvaried in sequence

Stereotypies in early stages can:
A. Provide a coping mechanism for the dog
B. Substitute for compulsive disorder
C. Never occur in domestic dogs
D. Always be harmful

A. Provide a coping mechanism for the dog

Canine compulsive disorder might first arise as:
A. Normal obedience
B. A displacement behavior when the dog is frustrated, conflicted, or highly aroused
C. Play behavior
D. Aggression

B. A displacement behavior when the dog is frustrated, conflicted, or highly aroused

Factors initiating canine compulsive disorder include:
A. Only diet
B. Only age
C. Only breed
D. Lack of predictability in the daily routine, alterations in the environment, unpredictable consequences, lack of sufficient outlets for normal behaviors, and chronic or recurrent anxiety

D. Lack of predictability in the daily routine, alterations in the environment, unpredictable consequences, lack of sufficient outlets for normal behaviors, and chronic or recurrent anxiety

Diagnosis of compulsive disorder is considered when:
A. The dog is calm
B. The behavior occurs once
C. The behavior interferes with normal function or becomes independent of the inciting stimulus
D. The dog is tired

C. The behavior interferes with normal function or becomes independent of the inciting stimulus

Altered serotonin transmission is likely in:
A. Canine compulsive disorder
B. Stress displacement behaviors
C. Normal play
D. Stereotypies

A. Canine compulsive disorder

Compulsive disorders include behaviors that are:
A. Only grooming
B. Only locomotory
C. Repetitive, stereotypical, locomotory, grooming, ingestive, or hallucinogenic, occurring out of context and excessive in frequency or duration
D. Only ingestive

C. Repetitive, stereotypical, locomotory, grooming, ingestive, or hallucinogenic, occurring out of context and excessive in frequency or duration

Dogs experience concern in compulsive disorders; therefore:
A. Play behavior is the same
B. Obsession is the only cause
C. Dogs never perceive concern
D. The term “obsessive-compulsive” has been used

D. The term “obsessive-compulsive” has been used

Genetic components are important in compulsive disorders because:
A. Age is irrelevant
B. Certain breeds are at higher risk for specific behaviors
C. Only environment matters
D. Genetics never affect behavior

B. Certain breeds are at higher risk for specific behaviors

German Shepherd Dogs and Bull Terriers are at higher risk of:
A. Star gazing
B. Spinning or tail chasing
C. Licking distal forelimbs
D. Pica

B. Spinning or tail chasing

Labrador Retrievers are more prone to:
A. Tail chasing
B. Excessive licking of distal forelimbs
C. Spinning
D. Pica

B. Excessive licking of distal forelimbs

A genetic locus for flank sucking has been identified in:
A. Bull Terriers
B. Doberman Pinschers
C. German Shepherd Dogs
D. Labrador Retrievers

B. Doberman Pinschers

Diagnosis of compulsive disorder is a diagnosis of:
A. Immediate labeling
B. Exclusion, ruling out other problems first
C. Ignoring other conditions
D. Always based on breed

B. Exclusion, ruling out other problems first

Video recordings may be needed for diagnosis if:
A. The dog is eating
B. The dog is asleep
C. The behavior is not exhibited during consultation
D. The dog is calm

C. The behavior is not exhibited during consultation

Differential diagnosis for ingestive behaviors like pica includes:
A. Only neurological issues
B. Only dermatological problems
C. Gastric ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, food insensitivity, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypoadrenocorticism
D. Only breed tendencies

C. Gastric ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, food insensitivity, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypoadrenocorticism

Compulsive disorders associated with licking, sucking, or self-mutilation require ruling out:
A. Only breed predisposition
B. Only dietary issues
C. Dermatological, bacterial, parasitic, autoimmune, infection, neuropathy, adverse food reactions, and pain from any cause
D. Only neurological disease

C. Dermatological, bacterial, parasitic, autoimmune, infection, neuropathy, adverse food reactions, and pain from any cause

Tail chasing might indicate:
A. Boredom only
B. Sacral or caudal orthopedic or neurological pain
C. Stereotypies
D. Only play behavior

B. Sacral or caudal orthopedic or neurological pain

Spinning, star gazing, pouncing, or light/shadow chasing might indicate:
A. Only play
B. Only boredom
C. Only GI issues
D. A neurological problem such as focal seizures or other neuropathy

D. A neurological problem such as focal seizures or other neuropathy

Clinicopathological testing should include:
A. Only serum biochemical analysis
B. Only CBC
C. CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis
D. Only urinalysis

C. CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis

Radiography, ultrasonography, or MRI might be needed to:
A. Only diet
B. Investigate causes of pain or discomfort triggering licking or mutilation
C. Only check behavior
D. Only breed predisposition

B. Investigate causes of pain or discomfort triggering licking or mutilation