lab final review

What isnt a haedy winberg assumption

Small population

What method could you not use for concepts if your animal dies

Biological

What does red show

Polyphyly

What does cyan show

Paraphyly

What does yellow show

Monophyly

What does red show

Monophyly

What does green show

Paraphyly

What does blue show

Polyphyly

polyphyletic definition

organisms from more than one ancestral lineage

Red phylogenetic group

Polyphyly

Green phylogenetic group

Paraphyly

Blue phylogenetic group

Monophyly

paraphyletic definition

an ancestor but only some of its descendants

Monophyletic definition

an ancestor and all of its descendants

whats a feature of monodicots

Parallel veins, petals of 3, scattered vascular bundles (stems), 1 cotyledon (Seed leaf within the embryo of a plant)

whats a feature of eudicots

Vascular bundles in a ring arrangement, flowers of 4/5, net like vein structure, 2 cotyledon (Seed leaf within the embryo of a plant), common to have wood, one main root

birds snakes sharks

Chordata

Starfish sea urchins

Echinoderms

Which phylum(s) include larval bilateral symmetry and adult radial symmetry

Echinoderms

Bottleneck effect

reduction in a population's size and genetic diversity, caused by a random event

Founder effect

Few members of a population break away from original population and are excluded in another area

Morphological species concept defined by

Observable appearance

Flower part Anther

B, where pollen (male gametophytes), are produced

Flower part style

F, Connects stigma and ovaries

Flower part Stigma

A, sticky, feathery portion at top of style, captures pollen

Flower part Filament

H, stalk that supports anthers

Flower part Ovary

E, produces eggs or ovules

Male flower parts

H and B/stamen: Anther + filament

Female flower parts (carpel)

AFE, has stigma, style, ovary

Flower part petals

C Attracts pollinators

Flower part stamen

B+H Male, has stalk (filament) with anther at tip

bilateral adult symmetry, deuterostome, triploblastic, endoskeleton

Chordata

Bilateral only young symmetry, adult radial symmetry, deuterosome, triploblastic, endoskeleton

Echinoderms

Squids are in what phyla

Mollusca

Triploblast tissue

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (everything besides cnidaria and porifera)

diploblasts tissue (might have NONliving middle layer)

Endo and ectoderm, cnidaria

Protostome

blastopore=mouth, spiral cleavage

Deuterostome+examples

blastopore=ass, radial cleavage, (echinoderms, chordata)

Radial symmetry

can be divided into two matching halves by many different lines, which all intersect one another at a single point in the center

Bilateral symmetry

can be divided into two mirror-image halves by a line down the middle

Outermost layer

Ectoderm

middle layer

Mesoderm

Innermost layer

Endoderm

Lobster phylum

Arthropoda

Which phylum does not have true tissue

Porifera

Which phylum have tissue

All but porifera

Which phylum have two tissue layers

Cnidaria

Which phylums have three tissue layers

arthropoda, annelida, chordata, echinoderms, mollusks, nematodes, platyhelminthes

Which phylums have radial symmetry

cnidaria, adult echinoderms

Which phyla are bilateral

Chordata, platyhelminthes, nematodes, larvae echinoderms, mollusks, annelida

Phyla with incomplete digestive systems (only one opening)

Porifera, platyhelminthes, cnidaria

Phyla with complete digestive systems (a mouth and an ass)

Nematoda, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, chordata, echinoderms

Coelom

Fluid filled cavity in mesoderm, organs grow independently off body’s wall

Acoelomate (platyhelminthes)

Solid bodied animal that lacks cavity between gut and outer wall

Pseudocoelomate +example

Mesoderm lines outside of cavity (nematodes)

Hardy weinberg

allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

porifera adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

asymmetrical, bilateral larval symmetry, neither, no true tissues, neither

Cnidaria adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

radial, bilateral larval, no proto/deutero, diploblastic, hydrostatic skeleton

hydrostatic skeleton

relies on the pressure of internal, fluid-filled cavities to provide support and shape. Muscles contract to change the pressure in these cavities, which then manipulates the fluid to allow for movement, such as bending, shortening, and lengthening the body. This system is common in soft-bodied invertebrates like earthworms, jellyfish, and sea anemones

platyhelminthes adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

bilateral, bilateral, protosome, triploblast, none

nematoda adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

bilateral, bilateral, protosome, triploblast, Hydrostatic (pseudocoelom as skeleton)

annelida adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

bilateral, bilateral, protosome, triploblast, Hydrostatic (true coelom)

molluska adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

bilateral (snails have secondary asymmetry), bilateral, protosome, triploblastic, exoskeleton

arthropoda adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

bilateral, bilateral, protostome, triploblast, exoskeleton (chitin)

echinodermata adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

radial, bilateral, deuterostome, triploblast, endoskeleton (calcium plates/ossicles)

chordata adult symmetry, larval symmetry, protostome/deuterostome/other, # of germ layers, and endo/exoskeleton

bilateral, bilateral, deuterosome, triploblast, endoskeleton (cartilage/bone)

which phylums are NOT triploblasts?

porifera, cnidaria

which phylums are protosomes

annelids, arthropoda, mollusks, nematoda, platyhelminthes,

which phylums are deuterostomes

echinoderms, chordata

which phylums have a true coelom

annelida, chordata, echinoderms, mollusca

which phylums have no coelom because they arent triploblasts

porifera, cnidaria

which phylums are acoelomates (no coelom despite having a triploblasts)

platyhelminthes (the space between the gut and body wall is filled with solid mesodermal tissue)

which phylums are pseudocoelomates

nematodas (body cavity not fully lined with mesoderm)

which phylums have a reduced coelom

arthropda (Most of the space in their body is a hemocoel/filled with blood, they do have a true coelom but its small)

correlations between endoskeleton and coelomates

all require coeloms (chordata, echinoderms)

correlations between exoskeleton and coelomates

no correlation, they can have a coelom but they do not require them.

which phyla have exoskeletons?

arthropoda (true exo, like bugs obvi), mollusks (technically but like a snail shell, external only), and nematoda (debatable- cuticle ts, not true exoskeleton and not hard)

What is allelic frequency?

The proportion of each allele in a population’s gene pool.

What is genotypic frequency?

The proportion of each genotype in a population.

What is phenotypic frequency?

The proportion of individuals with each phenotype in a population.

What are the assumptions of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?

No mutation, no migration, no genetic drift (infinite population), no natural selection, and random mating.

What causes deviation from H–W equilibrium?

Mutation, migration, selection, drift, nonrandom mating.

Define microevolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population over time.

What is a gene pool?

All alleles present in a population.

What is genetic drift?

Random change in allele frequencies, strongest in small populations.

What is the founder effect?

Drift resulting from a few individuals founding a new population.

What is phylogenetics

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

What is cladistics?

A method of classification based on shared derived traits.

What is a phylogeny?

A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships, usually shown as a tree.

Define apomorphy

A derived trait.

What is a synapomorphy?

A shared derived trait used to define a clade.

What is a plesiomorphy

An ancestral character state.

What is a symplesiomorphy?

An ancestral trait shared by multiple groups (not useful for classification)

What is parsimony in phylogenetics?

The tree requiring the fewest evolutionary changes is preferred.

What is a polyphyletic group?

A group that excludes the common ancestor; united by homoplasy.

What is a homologous trait?

A trait shared due to common ancestry.

What is homoplasy?

A trait shared due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestry.

what is wood?

secondary xylem

what is a xylem

the plant tissue that transports water and dissolved nutrients from the roots up to the rest of the plant, also providing structural support

What is a fruit?

A mature ovary that protects seeds and aids dispersal.