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Walk
4-beat gait; each foot hits the ground independently: right front, left hind, left front, right hind
Trot
2-beat diagonal gait; legs move in diagonal pairs
Canter/Lope
3-beat gait; one diagonal pair moves together, others independently; has right and left leads
Gallop
4-beat gait; fastest gait; has a lead leg
Back
2-beat diagonal gait; similar to trot but in reverse
Conformation
The physical appearance of a horse based on the arrangement of muscle, bone, and tissue
Balance
How proportionate a horse is; judged by neck, back, shoulder, and hip
Structure
Skeletal correctness; affects function and longevity
Quality
Refinement and smoothness; includes breed and sex character
Muscling
Evaluated from the side; refers to development in areas like forearm, shoulder, stifle, and gaskin
Ideal Back
1:2 ratio top to bottom; short, strong, and level
Ideal Neck
2:1 ratio top to bottom; thin, ties high to shoulder, proportional
Ideal Shoulder
45-degree slope; impacts stride and connection to pastern
Stallion Traits
Prominent jaw, bolder features, muscular but not fat neck
Mare Traits
Big eyes, slender/elegant neck, refined head features
Splay-footed
Winging in
Pigeon-toed
Winging out
Unsoundness
A defect affecting the horse’s usefulness
Blemish
A visible defect that doesn't impact performance
Bucked Shins
Inflammation of front cannon; often temporary
Bowed Tendon
Swelling at back of cannon bone; 20% become sound
Splints
Damage between metacarpals; may become blemish
Navicular Disease
Pain in navicular bone; degeneration-related
Laminitis/Founder
Inflammation of hoof laminae; painful, serious
Stifled
Patella fixation; can recover or need surgery
Stringhalt
Involuntary leg flexion; "goose stepping"
Curb
Enlarged plantar ligament; usually a blemish
Bog Spavin
Joint swelling; related to straight hocks
Bone Spavin
Bone growth on hock; stress-related
Posture Changes
Pointing foot, shifting weight
Performance Clues
Tripping, irregular gait, head bob (front), hip hike (hind)
Parasite Symptoms
Rough coat, weight loss, diarrhea, colic
Ascarids
Large roundworms; affect young horses
Large Strongyles
Migrate through organs; no resistance
Small Strongyles
Local migration; diarrhea, resistance common
Pinworms
Tail rubbing; all ages
Bots
Larvae attach to stomach; control by grooming and management
Ticks
Common on ears; can cause anemia and disease
Mites
Cause mange; treated with ivermectins
Outdated Program
Frequent rotation and treatment of all horses
Anthelmintic Resistance
Result of over-treatment; reduced drug effectiveness
Daily Hoof Care
Inspect for cracks, clean heel to toe before and after riding
Periodic Trimming
Every 4–8 weeks; maintains shape and angle
Dental Problem Signs
Weight loss, quidding, bit resistance
Uneven Wear Issues
Hooks, ramps, steps, points
Floating Teeth
Smooths sharp edges, prevents discomfort
Horse Needs
Physical (shelter, food), social, chemical, biological
Stall Dimensions
Horse: 10x10 ft or larger, height: 9 ft, door width: 4 ft
Fire Safety
Fire-retardant paint, remove flammable items, clear exits, sprinkler systems
Unsafe Fencing
Barbed wire, fences with protrusions or traps