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William Lloyd Garrison
a 19th-century American journalist and Christian, led a successful abolitionist campaign with his newspaper, The Liberator; one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Frederick Douglass
(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published a biography and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
the Grimké Sisters
the first nationally-known white American female advocates of abolition of slavery and women's rights. They were speakers, writers, and educators.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." She was the founding president of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869
Sojourner Truth
United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
Charles Grandison Finney
An evangelist and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.
Horace Mann
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers
John C. Calhoun
He was a champion of states' rights, especially for the right to slavery, a symbol of the Old South, and strict adherence to the Constitution. In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.
Henry Clay
a prominent Republican and Whig politician, was a U.S. senator and house speaker who was a strong supporter of the Missouri Compromise and domestic policy, especially when it came to problems with the dissolution of the union of slavery disputes.
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up a Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas.
Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Oliver Hazard Perry
United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. He is renowned for his quote
William Henry Harrison
a governor, U.S. senator, and U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, and ninth president of the United States, was responsible for very significant Indian campaigns while he was governor of the Indian Territory and served as an officer in the army during the Battle of Fallen Timbers. First Whig Pres who died in office.
Brigham Young
an American politician and religious leader, led an exodus of thousands of Mormons westward to the Utah Territory. He served as the governor and leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
circuit rider
Preachers who traveled by horseback from community to community. They were very prominent during the second great awakening.
Romanticism
a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; emphasized inspiration, subjectively, and the individual.
linear
progressing from one stage to another in a single series of steps; sequential
refute
prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove.
concession
a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; a thing conceded.
reform
to bring back to rightness, order, or morality; the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory
Asher Durand
an American painter and co-founder of the Hudson River school of painting; famous for his landscape paintings in the 19th century
invoke
to call on for support such things as laws, authority, or privilege
John Marshall
served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court for more than three decades, during which time he helped increase the power and prestige of the Federal court system
nullify
a legal term that refers to the practice of invalidating or voiding a decision or contract; to cancel out or do away with.
temperance
restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food
fallacy
a false notion or belief; an error in thinking
Eli Whitney
United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
Francis Cabot Lowell
American industrialist who developed a factory system. He was remarkably very humane with his working conditions compared to other places in the world.
commercialize
to manage in such a way as to achieve a profit
market
a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes place as a result of buyers and sellers being in contact with one another, either directly or through mediating agents or institutions.
Samuel Slater
He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.
lament
a passionate expression of grief or sorrow
exhort
to urge strongly, advise earnestly
decry
to criticize openly; to publicly denounce
expedite
make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly
nascent
(especially of a process or organization) just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential.
autonomy
freedom from external control or influence; independence
suffrage
the right to vote in political elections
acolyte
a devoted follower or assistant