Unit 2 Chemistry Test (April 8, 2025)

Digestive System Order

Digestive Tract:

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine
Big Intestine

Accessory Organs:

Liver

Pancreas

Gallbladder

What is the digestive tissue lined with?

Epithelial Tissue

• Goblet Cells: make mucus. The mucus protects the digestive tube from digestive enzymes and helps food move easily.

The digestive tube also has layers of muscle tissue and nerves.

The esophagus is made up with what tissue? What is its function?

The muscular tube is made up of smooth muscle tissue, which contracts and relaxes to push food down. This is called peristalsis

The stomach consists of what type of tissue? What is it lined with?

The stomach lining contains cells that produce digestive enzymes and acids

Smooth muscle tissue contracts to mix the stomach contents.

Function of each intestine:

Small Intestine: (6 Metres)

• Main area for digestion

• Absorbs nutrients into the blood

Big Intestine: (1.5 Metres)

• Absorbs water

• Turns leftover waste into solid matter (feces)

Intestines have muscles that move food without thinking.

Liver Function

Liver makes bile, which helps us digest fats from food.

Pancreas Function

Pancreas makes insulin, which controls sugar levels in our blood after we eat food.

Circulatory: Pathway for the Blood

Deoxygenated Blood enters either from the

Superior or Inferior Vena Cava, depending on which part of the body it enters from

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Artery —> Lungs

=====

Pulmonary Vein

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Aorta —> Entire Body

What type of tissue is blood?

Blood is a connective tissue that flows through all of your body parts

4 main parts of the blood

Blood has FOUR components:

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

• Plasma

Red Blood Cell Function + Protein

Red blood cells carry oxygen to your body.

They look red because they have a protein called hemoglobin.

About 41%

White Blood Cell Function

• These cells fight infections like bacteria and viruses.

• They are less than 1% of your blood.

• White blood cells are the only ones
  with a nucleus (center).

Platelets Blood Cell Function

These are very small cells.

They help your blood clot (stops the bleeding by forming a plug or clog) for cuts or injuries.

They are also less than 1% of your blood.

Plasma Blood Cell Function

Plasma is a liquid with proteins.

It carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Plasma makes up more than half of your blood.

The heart is made up of THREE tissues:

• Cardiac muscle tissue: special muscle only found in the heart that contracts its muscle to pump blood around the body

• Nerve tissue

• Connective tissue

Capillaries in the body

• The walls of capillaries are very thin, so things can pass in and out.

• Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood into body tissues.

• Waste and carbon dioxide move from the tissues into the blood to be removed.

Respiratory Pathway/System:

• nose

• mouth (pharynx)

• trachea + larynx (trachea)

• two bronchi

• lungs

• bronchiole

• Alveoli

Tranchea and the bronchus are lined with what type of tissue?

Epithelial cells line the trachea and bronchi and produce mucus. Epithelial cells have cilia (hair-like projections) that help move mucus and filter out any bad or unknown materials.

What is gas exchange in terms of the capillaries and the alveoli?

Gas exchange:
When oxygen diffuses into capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli

What happens to the diaphragm during breathing? List the two types.

Inhaling: The diaphragm contracts to allow air to be taken in

Exhaling: The diaphragm relaxes to release air outside

Nose Function

Thanks to the nose the air we breathe is clean, warm, and properly humidified before it reaches our lungs

Mouth Function

Even when the nose is the preferred pathway for breathing, this body part can also let the air in and filter some particles.

Larynx Function

It’s often called the "voice box." It helps you breathe and talk by using vocal cords to create sound.

Trachea Function

It’s often called the "windpipe," is like a special tube in your throat. Its job is to help you breathe and talk.

Bronchi Function

They are like the branches of a tree inside your lungs. They let the air go inside your lungs.

Cilia Function

Tiny hair-like structures on epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi that move to keep airways clean by moving mucus and sweeping out dirt.

Bronchiole Function

They are like the smaller branches of a tree inside your lungs. They carry air to small air sacs at the end of the branch for breathing.

Alveoli Function

Tiny air sacs in your lungs where oxygen in your alveoli enter the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood enter your alveoli to be exhaled from the body.

Lungs Function

They extract the oxygen your body needs when you breath in. When you breathe out, they take out the carbon dioxide.

Diaphragm Function

It is a dome-shaped muscle that helps you breathe. It helps your lungs expand and fill with air and relaxes when it exhales the air out.

DIABETES Definition

Diabetes is a disease where the pancreas produces too much or too little insulin. A person with diabetes can experience weakness and dizziness due to too low or too high blood sugar levels

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Definition

Coronary arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle. These arteries can become blocked with plaque. 

Plaque is a sticky substance made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other things found in the blood.

Doctors can check for this problem with an X-ray called an angiogram.

HEART ATTACK Definition

Happens when coronary arteries get completely blocked by either a blood clot or plaque.

The muscle of the heart then loses blood, and the minerals and oxygen that the blood provides. The heart stops pumping and begins to die.

Tuberculosis Definition

A very contagious diseases. Happens when bacteria enters the body through breathing.

The bacteria will grow in your lungs, and may also spread to the rest of the body.

Lung Cancer Causes

Caused by first-hand or second-hand smoking.

Tobacco smoke contains many carcinogens: Chemicals that also affects the rest of the body’s function (Gives cancer)

SARS Definition

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) symptoms are similar to the flu.

OSTEOPOROSIS Definition

Causes the bone to lose tissue, and is very hard to notice unless checked by the bone density test. It does not cause pain directly, but makes bone fragile and easier to break.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Definition

A disease that happens when the immune system does not work properly.

This disease damages a neuron’s myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord.

PHYSICAL TRAUMA TO BRAIN Definition

When a fall or hit is done to the head. This causes the spinal cord to be damaged, and causes paralysis.

Brain Injuries, like concussions, are common in sports.

APOPTOSIS (CELL DEATH)

When a cell realizes it is damaged, it causes itself to self-destruct.

What is a tumor?

An abnormal mass of cells that can harm tissue. This leads to cancer

What is a Benign tumor?

A tumor that only affects the physical surrounding area of tissue, but not its functions.

What is a Malignant tumor?

A tumor that interferes the tissue’s function and surrounding area. A cancerous tumor.

What is metastasis?

The process where the primary tumor splits off and establishes a secondary tumor in another area of the body

What is Cellular Differentiation?

The process in which a stem cell becomes a specialized cell to perform a certain function

What is a stem cell?

An undifferentiated cell that can divide into specialized cells

What is an embryonic cell?

A stem cell that can differentiate into any type of specialized cell

What are tissue stem cells?

A stem cell that can only turn into a specialized cell that is based off what tissue it is in. (Ex: Nerve Tissue means Nerve Cells)