SL DT

Anthropometrics

study of human measurement → product dimensions

Static Anthropometry

taken in stationary position →width, height, distance from one joint to another

Dynamic Anthropometry

in motion → moving elements of the body → reach distances, angular variations in joints, crawling height, range of upper body movements

Percentile Range

proportion of a population with dimension at or less than a given value

The 50th Percentile

median value → highest frequency of users → products aimed at

Clearance

physical space between 2 objects

Reach

range can stretch to touch/grasp an object from specified position

Adjustability

ability of products to change in size

Work Envelope

area in which object can be comfortably reached → neutral → maximum reach → extended reach

Range of Sizes

sizes a product is made in that caters for the majority of a market

Global Consideration

wide selection of anthropometric data published and regionalised → work with data appropriate to target market

Psychology

mind, behaviour, mental processes, brain functions →consciousness, memory, reasoning, language, personality, mental health

Nominal Data

labelling or naming values → marital status, hair/eye colour → no hierarchy

Ordinal Data

lists in order of importance/significance → economic status wealthy, middle income, poor → no defined intervals

Interval Data

order of values + shows difference → temperature scales in Celsius → no true zero

Ratio Data

interval + ordinal →have an absolute zero

Qualitative Data

perception → nominal + ordinal

Quantitative Data

numbers → interval + ratio

Human Information Processing System

automatic information interpretation + reaction system → inputs, processes, outputs

Reason for HIPS Breakdown

age, strength, skillset, health

Environmental Factors Against HIPS

sound, temperature, lighting, air quality, smell → different effects on different people → affect efficiency + comfort

Alertness

ability to focus/stay awake → temperature, sound, lighting, air quality, smell

Perception

perceive environmental factors in different ways

Physiology

mechanisms of living things

Physiological Factor Data

physical aspect of the body

Collecting Physiological Data

performance testing, user trials/observations, collection of anthropometric data

Comfort

being free of physical pain

Fatigue

a feeling of tiredness/weakness over time → musculoskeletal disorders

Biomechanics

mechanical laws relating to movement → considers physical abilities of the user + decrease risk of MSDs

Renewable

will replenish in a human time frame

Non-Renewable

can’t be replaced by natural means at a faster pace than consumption

Reserves

portion of an identified resource that can be economically and legally recovered → proven (currently recoverable) + probable (current or future recoverable)

Renewability

ability to be renewed → natural/living resources

Recyclability

materials extracted from products at end of useable life → used to manufacture new products

Waste Mitigation

reduce/eliminate volume of material disposed to landfill

Resource Management

resources decreasing → sustainability more important

Re-use

repetitive use of products/parts

Repair

restoring product/component to a good working condition

Recycling

collection, separation, processing to recover materials from the waste system → form raw materials to manufacture new products

Recondition

return used product to original manufactured specification → aim to extend product life until not commercially viable

Re-engineer

revision of established design for improvement → cost, performance, safety etc.

Pollution and Waste

caused by raw material extraction, transport, processing, manufacture, assembly, packaging, shipping, final distribution

Waste Management Hierarchy

disposal, energy recovery, recycling, reuse, minimisation, prevention

Design for Manufacture

designing parts, components, products for ease of manufacture → better product at lower cost , waste

Dematerialisation

progressive reduction in energy and/or material used in the production of a product

Product Recovery Strategies - End of Life

government responsible for disposal of products → buried in landfill/incinerated → wasteful/impacts environment

The Circular Economy

economy based on renewable energy/recyclable materials

Embodied Energy

sum of all energy needed to produce/maintain a product/service → materials, transport, assembly, recurring, disposal

Electric Grid Schematic

power production centres + network of cables → in grid for distribution

Distributing Energy

Smart grid → sensors/software to manage electricity distribution/consumption

Local Combined Heat and Power

uses single fuel source to provide heat and electricity → reduced cost/emissions

Systems for Individual Energy Generation

systems for small-scale production of energy → solar panels

Batteries V Capacitors

battery = chemical to electrical energy to provide static electrical charge → capacitor stores electrostatic energy in an electric field

Clean Technology

reduce waste/pollution from production processes through radical/incremental developments of a production system

Drivers for Cleaning Up Manufacturing

social, economic, political

End-of-pipe Technologies

focus on reducing/eliminating pollutants in the last step in the process → prevent/minimise substance release into natural environment

System Level Solutions

address a whole system → regulatory

Green Design

re-engineering design to increase sustainability/decrease environmental impact → incremental

Eco-design

fits into a system → consideration for product’s entire lifecycle

Cradle to Grave

considers product’s environmental effects from manufacture to disposal

Cradle to Cradle

aims to eliminate waste from production, use, disposal → products made to be made again

Life Cycle Analysis

effect a product has on the environment through 5 stages of its life → pre-production, production, distribution, use, disposal

Concept Modelling

contains information required to describe a potential design solution → simulates physicality

Graphical Model

visualisation of idea → paper/software, 2D/3D

Physical Model

larger/smaller tangible interactive version

Virtual Model

photorealistic, CAD-based, interactive, surface/solid modelling → digital mockup

Systems Design

defining architecture, components, modules, interfaces, data → meet specific requirement

Service Design

conceptual → planning/organising people, infrastructure, communication physical objects → improve quality/interaction of provider/customer

Product Design

generating ideas → final product

2D Graphical Models

detail, proportion, measurements, relationships, “flat views”

3D Graphical Models

how a design might look, proportion, scale, aesthetics

Orthographic Drawings

“side view”, dimensions, form, shape, detailed/accurate for manufacturing

Isometric Drawings

shape/form, 30/90/30 grid

Part and Assembly Drawings

exploded isometric drawing → parts depicted in order of assembly

Physical Models

ergonomics and fit, internal/external structural relationships, aesthetics

Scale Models

larger/smaller copy, testing situations → form, thinking, aesthetics, ideas

Aesthetic Models

test the aesthetic elements → weight/balance, texture/surface qualities

Mock-ups

full-size representation for user feedback → some functionality

Prototypes

sample/model to test a concept/process → refinement

Fidelity of Prototypes

degree of similarity to final product

Instrumented Models

take measurements for accurate quantitative feedback for analysis

Types of CAD software

2D, 3D, rendering

Surface Modelling

surface qualities, material, lighting → rendering software, 2D graphic files

Solid Modelling

accurate digital models → STL files for 3D printing

Data Models

database/data set used to present/understand performance for a design → motion capture

Finite Element Analysis

calculation of loads/stresses on a product using CAD → fatigue/heat

Virtual Prototyping

using CAD develop realistic, interactive models

Digital Humans

simulations of the biomechanics of the human body → safety/comfort, efficiency

Motion Capture

recording of actual human movement using video, magnetic, electro-mechanical devices → improve safety and ergonomics

Haptic Technologies

use the sense of touch to provide feedback to the user

Virtual Reality

virtual environment for realistic user interactions → design, ergonomics, function, safety

Animation

simulate a process → confirm placement of equipment, safety ergonomics, efficiency