Endocrine System Review

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45 Terms

1
Endocrine System
A system that coordinates and directs the activities of the body's cells through hormones.
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2
Hormones
Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream to regulate physiological processes.
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3
Pineal Gland
Produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.
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4
Pituitary Gland
Often referred to as the 'master gland' because it regulates other endocrine glands.
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5
Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulates growth and repair of tissues.
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6
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
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7
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates ovulation in ovaries and testosterone production in testes.
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8
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Controls water excretion in kidneys.
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9
Thyroid Hormones
Includes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which raise metabolic rate.
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10
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown.
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11
Parathyroid Hormone
Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown and calcium absorption.
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12
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.
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13
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.
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14
Aldosterone
Regulates sodium and potassium balance, maintaining blood pressure.
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15
Cortisol
Regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress response.
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16
Epinephrine
Triggers the fight or flight response.
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17
Testosterone
Promotes male sexual characteristics and sperm production.
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18
Estrogen
Promotes female secondary sexual characteristics and menstrual cycle.
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19
Progesterone
Prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
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20
Erythropoietin
Stimulates red blood cell production.
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21
Thymosin
Promotes development of T-cells in the immune system.
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22
Diabetes Mellitus
A condition characterized by high blood sugar due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
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23
Cushing's Disease
Excessive cortisol production, usually due to a pituitary tumor.
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24
Addison's Disease
Insufficient production of adrenal cortex hormones.
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25
Acromegaly
Excessive growth hormone leading to enlarged bones and tissues.
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26
Gigantism
Excessive growth hormone during childhood, leading to abnormal growth.
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27
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency.
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28
Grave’s Disease
A condition causing hyperthyroidism due to an overactive thyroid.
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29
Hypothyroidism
An underactive thyroid gland requiring replacement therapy.
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30
Menopause
The natural cessation of menstruation and reproductive function in women.
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31
Pituitary Dwarfism
Insufficient growth hormone during childhood, leading to short stature.
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32
Target Cell/Organ
A cell or organ that has receptors for a specific hormone and responds to it.
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33
Direct Gene Activation
Method where lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors inside cells to activate genes.
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34
Second-Messenger System
Method where water-soluble hormones bind to cell surface receptors to trigger cellular responses.
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35
Insulin Production
Occurs in the pancreas and responds to high blood sugar levels.
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36
Glucagon Release
Occurs in the pancreas and responds to low blood sugar levels.
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37
Negative Feedback Loop
A process that maintains homeostasis by reversing changes in a controlled condition.
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38
Fight or Flight Response
A physiological reaction to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat.
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39
Hormonal Replacement Therapy
A treatment to restore normal hormone levels in cases of hormone deficiencies.
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40
Liver's Role in Blood Sugar Control
Regulates blood sugar levels through glycogen storage and glucose release.
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41
Ovarian Hormones
Estrogen and progesterone which regulate female reproductive functions.
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42
Testicular Hormones
Testosterone, which regulates male reproductive functions.
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43
Hormone-Driven Changes
Include stimulating mitosis, altering cell membrane permeability, activating enzymes, and inducing secretory activity.
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44
Physiology of the Endocrine System
The study of the functions and disorders of the endocrine glands and hormones.
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45

Diabetes Insipidus

A condition characterized by an imbalance of fluids in the body, leading to intense thirst and the excretion of large amounts of urine, often due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or resistance to its effects.

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