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Abstraction
To reduce detail or information for a purpose in a program; to help improve focus on a relevant concept; or to understand or solve a problem
Algorithm
A step-by-step set of instructions implemented by a program to develop and express solutions to a computational problem.
Append
Adding an element to the end of a list
Assignment
When you put a value into a memory location and give that location a name in a program; on exam operator is represented with an arrow
Binary number system
two-digit number system where each number represents a power of two
Bit
A single binary digit which can contain a 0 or a 1
Boolean logic
Branch of algebra where all values are represented by either true or false
Certificate authority
Busses digital certificates that validate ownership of encrypted keys used in secured communications; used in authentication step of public key encryption; managed by public key infrastructure
Circuit
A complete path that allows electrical current to flow from a high voltage to low voltage; fundamental concept used in a component design to manipulate data
Citizen science
Collection and analysis of data by non-scientists on home computers; often performed in a collaboration with professional scientists
Cloud computing/storage
Rather than using a local computer, this form of computation uses a network of remote serves to calculate and/or store data; has fostered new ways to communicate and collaborate
Complexity (of an algorithm)
The amount of logical reasoning (sometimes measured in lines of code) required to create an algorithm
Condition
A decision in an algorithm based on a boolean value (true or false) used to control selection in an algorithm
Crowdsourcing
Multiple people working (often online) together to complete a task
Cybercrime
Criminal activities carried out by using a computer or network
Database
A large collection of data that can be organized, searched, clustered, classified, transformed, displayed, and/or filtered to gain new insight or to make conclusions
Data compression
Technique that reduces the number of bits stored or transmitted; could be lossy or lossless
Digital certificate
Forms digital connection between the identity of the recipient and the public key on this certificate; used for authentication step of public key encryption; managed by Certificate Authorities
Decryption
Using mathematical algorithms to decode a message; usually this algorithm is used to protect encrypted information from unauthorized viewers
Efficiency (of an algorithm)
Measure of the execution time and memory usage of an algorithm; often represented using Big-O notation
Encryption
Using mathematical algorithms to encode (hide) a message so only those that should read it can read it
Index (of a list)
Location in a list, must be a number greater than 0 or less than or equal to the length of the list in end-of-course exam
Input
The data that an algorithm needs to be able to run
Internet
The worldwide connection of devices to each other via hardware, including routers, servers, and other devices, each of which is given an IP address and must follow protocols
Internet Engineering Task Force
Develops and oversees internet standards and internet protocols
Iteration (in an algorithm)
A loop or repeated behavior in an algorithm; one of the three different parts of any algorithm
Key (in encryption or decryption)
Variable applied to a block of text to encrypt or decrypt that text; the length of the key is a factor in the security and performance of encryption algorithms
Linear
A search algorithm that finds a target by looking at each item, one at a time, until the end of the set is researched or the target is found
List
A collection of data in which each item is identified by a corresponding index
Logic gate
One of the building blocks of a computer chip, logic gates typically take two inputs and return either true or false; combinations of operations of gates can create different streams of logic used in calculations and processes in advanced chi[s such as integrated circuts
Lossless compression
Data compression technique where the number of bits needed to store or transmit information is reduced and the original data can be completely reconstructed
Lossy compression
Data compression technique where the number of bits needed to store or transmit information is reduced, but the original data cannot be reconstructed
Modulus (mod)
Mathematical operation that returns the remainder
Network
Group of two or more systems linked together
Output
What is made available after the input data is transformed by an algorithm
Packet
Way in which data is packaged during data transfer on a network
Parameter
Input to a procedure
Phishing
Cybercrime where a website, email, or other digital form of communication attempts to obtain information from a person by disguising itself as something that the person would normally use to share the information
Plagiarism
Occurs when one person presents another’s ideas as their own
Procedure
Named grouping of programming instructions code used to manage complexity or repeated code in a program
Process
A behavior that uses memory, a central processing unit, input, and output that can execute alone or at the same time as other processes
Program
Set of computer instructions assembled to help us create, analyze, understand, and/or solve problems or to automate a process
Proxy server
Allows a user to make connections to another network service without going through the local server that the person would normally need to use
Public key encryption
Asymmetric encryption scheme; involves two keys (one public, one private) where anyone can use the public key to encrypt a message, but only the sender and recipient know the private key so their data is protected
Routing (of packets)
Way in which data is sent on a network
Selection
Using a condition to control the logical path taken by an algorithm; one of the three different parts of any algorithm
Sequencing
Ordering the steps of an algorithm; one of three different parts of any algorithm
Server
Device that manages access and responds to requests on a network
Simulation
A program created to model a real situation with less detail to understand or solve a problem
Specification
The key details that need to be included in an algorithm
Pseudocode
Words used to organize thoughts to help plan writing code; pseudocode helps programmers translate requirements into code