A&P 2 ETSU Dr. Brown Exam 1

Define hematocrit

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

How much plasma is in blood?

55%

How much WBC and platelets are in blood?

less than 1%

What is another name for WBC and platelets in blood?

Buffy coat

How much RBC are in blood?

45%

What are the formed elements of blood?

WBC, platelets, and RBC

What is another name for RBCs?

erythrocyte

What shape are RBCs?

biconcave disks

The shape of RBCs helps them ______________ to get through blood vessels, and increases the _______________ __________ of the cell to make them more efficient at __________ ________________.

fold, surface area, gas exchange

What is the cycle of regulation of erythrocyte production?

Liver and kidneys release erythropoietin into the blood stream, more RBCs are produced in red bone marrow, blood oxygen increases, increased oxygen inhibits EPO release while decreased oxygen stimulates EPO release into liver and kidneys

Where do erythrocytes come from?

Red bone marrow

What type of control mechanism regulates the number of erythrocytes in blood?

negative feedback system loop

What is the relationship between erythrocytes and the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood implied by the model?

more RBCs produced means more oxygen produced

What do erythrocytes do?

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

What advantage would an endurance athlete like a bicyclist have by taking extra erythropoietin?

Higher oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs

What is the 1st step in recycling erythrocytes?

vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron are absorbed from food

What occurs in recycling erythrocyte after nutrients are absorbed from food?

nutrients are transported to red bone marrow

What occurs in recycling erythrocytes after nutrients are transported to red bone marrow?

RBCs are produced in red bone marrow

What occurs in recycling erythrocyte after RBCs are produced in red bone marrow?

RBCs circulate in the bloodstream

What happens to RBCs when they are old?

they go to the liver

What happens to old RBCs in the liver?

hemoglobin is released and splits into globin and heme. globin becomes recycled amino acids and heme becomes iron, biliverdin, and bilirubin

How long do erythrocytes live?

120 days

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

no

Can a cell make mRNA without DNA in the nucleus?

no

Can a cell make proteins without mRNA?

no

Why do RBCs have a finite life span?

No nucleus= no repairs

What is the function on hemoglobin?

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

What antigens are in type A+ blood?

A and rh

What antigens are in type O- blood?

none

What antigens are in type AB- blood?

A and B

What antibodies are in type A blood?

anti B

What antibodies are in type O blood?

anti A and anti B

What antibodies are in type AB blood?

none

What reaction occurs when a person with type B blood is given type A blood?

agglutination (clotting)

What process follows agglutination?

hemolysis (rupturing)

What causes an Acute Hemolytic Reaction?

blood mismatches

What are the symptoms of an Acute Hemolytic Reaction?

rapid heartbeat, shock, renal failure, death

What is another name for erythroblastosis faetalis?

hemolytic disease

What is hemolytic disease?

when a pregnant woman's hemolysins destroy fetal RBCs

What is often the result of hemolytic disease?

miscarriage

If a blood type O- woman gives birth to an O+ firstborn baby, is the baby effected?

no

If a blood type O- woman gives birth to a second O+ baby, is the baby effected?

yes, hemolysis occurs

If type A- Dr. Brown has never been exposed to the rh antigen, what will happen if he is transfused with A+ blood?

Sickness

If type A- Dr. Brown is transfused with type A+ blood a 2nd time, what will happen?

hemolysis

What is hemostasis?

blood clotting

What is the first thing that happens after a blood vessel is torn?

vasospasm

What happens when a vasospasm occurs?

the walls of the blood vessel contract

Why does a vasospasm occur?

it makes it easier for blood to clot and limits blood loss

Platelets contact ____ to start the formation of a platelet plug

Collagen fibers

After platelets form a plug with collagen fibers, what do the platelets secrete?

serotonin and prothrombin activator

What is the function of serotonin in the process of forming a blood clot?

vasoconstrictor

To form a blood clot, prothrombin activator from platelets combines with ______________ ________________ and _____________________ __________________ to form active thrombin.

calcium, inactive prothrombin

To form a blood clot, active thrombin combines with soluble ______________________ to form insoluble _______________.

fibronogen, fibrin

Clot formation occurs after _________ _________________.

plug formation

What is the inactive form of thrombin called?

prothrombin

What would happen if thrombin was in its active form in regular blood circulation?

the blood would be too thick

What 2 substances convert prothrombin to thrombin?

calcium and prothrombin activator

Which substance that converts prothrombin to thrombin is and enzyme?

prothrombin activator

Explain the difference in a
thrombus
embolus
embolism

thrombus- at origin
embolus- in circulation
embolism- lodged

What is the final product in clot formation?

fibrin

What does the suffix -lytic mean?

break up

There are 5 main types of WBCs. Which is most abundant in blood?

Neutrophils

What percent of WBCs is neutrophils?

54-62%

What is the function of neutrophils?

Phagocytes

What percent of WBCs is eosinophils?

1-3%

What is the function of eosinophils?

antihelmenthic, allergy mediators

What percent of WBCs are basophils?

less than 1%

Basophils release ____________ via vasodilation and _________________ via clotting.

histamine, heparin

What are the important functions of basophils?

Vasodilation, clotting, inflammation mediators

What type of cells are monocytes?

Professional phagocytes

What percent of WBCs is monocytes?

3-9%

There are 5 main types of WBCs. Which is the largest?

monocytes

Lymphocytes are...

T cells and B cells

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

25-33%

Which type of lymphocyte has a specific immune response?

B lymphocyte

What is the average WBC count in blood?

5,000-10,000 per squared mm

What is DIFF?

differential WBC count

What type of cells are blood platelets?

thrombocytes

What is the normal count of platelets in blood?

150,000-450,000 per squared mm

What is the function of platelets in blood?

form blood clots

What makes up blood plasma?

water, proteins, gases,nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, and hormones

What percentage of plasma is water?

92%

What percent of plasma is proteins?

7%

What are the 3 types of plasma proteins?

albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

What is the function of albumin?

maintain osmotic balance

What is the function of globulin?

lipid transport, antibodies

What is the function of fibrinogen?

blood clotting

What gases are in plasma?

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

What are the 5 plasma wastes?

urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, bilirubin

Where is the heart located?

mediastinum; sternum

What is the covering of the heart?

pericardium

The visceral pericardium is the ________________ layer of the heart, is sometimes called _________________ pericardium, and is ____________ the pericardial cavity.

outer, serous, inside

The parietal pericardium is the _______________ layer of the heart, is very _____________, sometimes called ____________________ pericardium, and is ______________ the pericardial cavity.

middle, thin, serous, outside

The fibrous pericardium is the _______________ layer of the heart and is made of ________________ _______________ tissue.

outer, tough connective

Another name for the visceral pericardium is ____________________.

epicardium

What is myocardium?

heart muscle

What is endocardium?

inner lining of the heart

What part of the part is lined by endocardium?

chambers and valves

The atria are separated by the ___________________ _______________.

interatrial septum

The ventricles are separated by the _________________ __________________.

interventricular septum