Personality
A relatively stable pattern of psychological characteristics called traits
Trait
enduring and consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors ex. shy, peaceful, extroverted
Hippocrates and the 4 Humors
personality determined by 4 temprements thought to be associated with body fluids
Sanguine
extroverted/cheerful (blood)
Phlegmatic
relaxed/cautious (phlegm)
Melancholic
introverted/sad (black bile)
Choleric
quick tempered/dominating (yellow bile)
Freudian Personality Theory
unconscious, pre-conscious, and conscious; id, ego, and superego;
Id
instinctive and unconscious aspect of personality that seeks immediate gratification, operates on the “Pleasure principle” and is primitive and completely selfish
Ego
our sense of self, the public and private expression of our personality; rational operates on the “reality principle” and wants to find satisfaction for the Id, but in ways that are reasonable and rational
Superego
is the judge or supervisor of the personality. Internalizes values and morals and unconsciously applies them to our behavior. Insists that we behave according to the highest ideals we have been taught- the idealistic principle
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Denial, rationalization, intellectualization, projection, displacement, reaction formation, repression, sublimation, regression
Carl Jung
student of Freud, theories directly parallel to Freud; conscious=ego, personal conscious=id, collective unconscious=superego
Myers-Briggs Test (MTBI)
Describes ways of thinking and acting in terms of 16 possible combinations of 4 dichotomous preferences
Rorschach Ink Blot Tests
Personality tests intended to reveal the content of the content of the unconscious mind
Insanity
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Labels and Diagnoses describe, but do not explain, mental disorders and do not offer treatment suggestions
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Refers to Disorders of growth and development of the brain. These disorders interfere with normal cognitive and social development in learning, communication judgement, and social interactions ex. Down Syndrome, Autism Spectrum, AD/HD
Schizophrenic Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Defined by psychosis. Disturbance in perception, thought, speech, emotion, mood, orientation, organization or serious disturbance in daily functioning. Positive symptoms are "added" to the mind, negative symptoms are "subtracted."
Bipolar Disorders
Characterized by symptoms of both depression and mania. Moods alternate between these two types of episodes. (Rapid cycling means 4 episodes in 12 months.)
Depressive Disorders
Characterized by symptoms of depression
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety can be related to something specific to a generalized groundless feeling ex. panic attacks, phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Characterized by obsessions and compulsions
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
These disorders are the result of a specific traumatic or stressful event ex. PTSD, Reactive Detachment Disorder
Dissociative Disorders
characterized by discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, etc.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Disorders that are primarily somatic (physical) symptoms. Most often seen and treated in a medical setting and not a psychological setting ex. conversion disorder and factitious disorder
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior, ex. Pica, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa
Elimination Disorders
Enuresis- repeated passing urine in inappropriate places Encopesis- repeated passing of feces in inappropriate places
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Disorders that encompass the sleep/wake cycle of cause difficulties during the “wake” time ex. insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
Sexual Dysfunctions
Multiple disorders that are characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure
Gender Dysphoria
A new diagnosis with the DSM-5, it refers to a marked incongruence between a person’s experienced/expressed gender and their assigned gender. Can be a diagnosis in both children and adults
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Conditions that involve problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors. These result in behaviors that violate the rights of others, such as aggression or destruction of property ex. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder
Substance Related and Addictive Disorders
Recurrent substance use that results in failure to fulfill major obligations, legal problems, social/interpersonal problems, also includes Gambling Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders
Conditions that involve disturbances in thinking, memory, language, and awareness of surroundings ex. Dementia (Alzheimer’s Disease) Amnesia
Personality Disorders
Enduring, pervasive and inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate substantially from the expectations of culture, 3 clusters
Paraphyllic Disorders
A type of atypical sexual urge, fantasy, or behavior involving objects activities or situation, having these behaviors is not necessarily considered a disorder, only if it causes the person distress about them
Lobodomy
removal or severing of the frontal lobe of the brain
Thorazine
accidentally discovered, approved in 1954
Anti-Psychotics
used to treat psychotic symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors
Anti-Depressants
treat depression by increasing norepinephrine and/or serotonin
Anxiolytics
treat anxiety symptoms by increasing GABA which slows down neurons
Mood-Stabilizers
have anti-mania and anti-depression qualities
Maladaptive
harmful to the individual or make it difficult to function
Disturbing
either to the individual or others
Unusual
not shared by many other people
Irrational
doesn’t make sense to most people
Behavioral Theory of Abnormal Psychology
learned by reinforced and punished behavior
Cognitive Theory of Abnormal Psychology
disordered patterns of understanding and interpreting experiences
Freudian Psycho-Dynamic Theory
the result of unconscious psychic conflicts
Humanist Theory
develops when circumstances block one’s progress toward self-actualization
Evolutionary Theory
thoughts that today cause problems used to have adaptive advantage in the past
Biological Theory
diseases of the brain
Christian Counseling
Insanity
not a diagnosis, it's a legal term to indicate someone is not capable of standing trial and can't be held responsible for their actions
Christian Counseling
Three schools of thought: Psychology is bad and should be rejected Biblical counseling should only involve using the Bible to counsel. Any other book or resource technique is wrong Integrated- believes that valid findings of psychology and accurate interpretations of the Bible will not ultimately contradict, so can use both
Biological Treatment
medication and shock therapy to fix the brain
Behavioral Therapy
Establishes rewards and reinforcements to change unwanted thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Exposure Therapy and Systematic Desensitization
Cognitive Therapy
Seeks to correct irrational or distorted thinking
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Uses techniques from both cognitive and behavioral approaches. Based on the idea that the way we think about a situation and the way we behave in a situation are more important than the situation itself
Humanistic Therapy
Strive to create an environment that is accepting, non-judgmental, and non-directive so that the innate goodness in the person will help guide them to the correct decisions and choices
Family Therapy
Focus on the system or relationships between people and the belief that difficulty in the system is the main reason for individual difficulties
INFP
Creative and imaginative, they happily lose themselves in daydreams, known for their sensitivity, can have profound emotional responses to music, art, nature, and the people around them. Idealistic and empathetic, Mediators long for deep, soulful relationships, and they feel called to help others, feel uneasy pretending to be someone they aren’t.