Chapter 6 Learning SIKE

Protocol to train behavior, learning by associating a stimulus with an involuntary response

Classical Conditioning

Known for his experiment with a dog and made him salivate on the sound of a bell. Known for Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

Rein classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

in classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

in classical conditioning , a previously neural stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. usually, in a conditioning experiment, the neutral stimulus is called a "..." when it is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Initially pairing of the conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

Random reappearance of conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

Same response to similar stimuli

Generalization

Different response to similar stimuli

Discrimination

Conditioning with unconditioned stimulus

First-order conditioning

Conditioned with previously conditioned stimulus.

Second-order conditioning

Founder of behaviorism also known for Baby/Little Albert Study

John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Wanted to find out if we can make people feel certain ways with classical conditioning. Associated white rat with a large unsettling banging sound. He became afraid of the rat without the banging sound. Because of generalization he was also afraid of other white fury animals.

Baby/ Little Albert Study

Pair an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to help get rid of unwanted behavior. Works better in short term rather than long term.

Aversive Conditioning

Learning based on the association of consequences with one’s behavior. Learning from consequences

Operant Conditioning

The Law of Effect

Edward Thorndike

Known for skinner boxes

B.F Skinner

Foundation of operant conditioning. For example, polo-shirt pop up collar, gets you a date with a girl. More polo-shirt pop up collars.

Law of Effect

a stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again. For example, $10 for every A.

Positive enforcement

the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior. compare with punishment. For example, if child is screaming for something you get the child the item they wanted and get no more screaming.

Negative enforcement

the application of an aversive stimulus after a response. For example, adding a spanking

Positive punishment

Removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior. For example, removing an hour from curfew.

Negative punishment (Omission Training)

This studied operant conditioning using isolated behaviors. They used pigeons and rats, discovery of reinforcements and punishments.

Skinner Boxes

Response reinforced every time it occurs, rare in real life, extension happens quickly.

Continuous Reinforcement

Responses sometimes rewarded, sometimes not, greater resistance to extinction.

Partial Reinforcement

Fixed number of responses

Fixed-Ratio

Random number of responses

Variable-Ratio

Certain amount of time

Fixed-Interval

Random amount of time

Variable-Interval

The weakling of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned response

Extinction

Bobo Doll Study

Albert Bandura

Process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

Catharsis

Wanted to know if watching violence relieved the watcher of violence. 36 boys 36 girls, 3 different groups control group, one group where kids watch adult play with toys normally, one group where kids watch adults play violently

Bobo Doll Study

Psychologist who performed a famous experiment who discovered “wholes” in classical conditionings. Discovered it is easier to pair some stimulus than others. He did this by testing rats.

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

Studied chimpanzees and learned that sometimes we understand things without having a scope of trial and error. (inside learning)

Wolfgang Kohler

Latent Learning

Edward Tolman

performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical condtitioning; proposed the contingency theory of classical conditioning; emphasized the associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.

Robert Rescorla

A mental representation of physical space

Cognitive map

a form of cognitive learning, originally described by the Gestalt psychologists, in which problem solving occurs by a means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions

Insight learning

After extinction and a period of rest, the dog salivates when hearing the bell

Spontaneous recovery

Long-lasting change in behavior resulting from expiernce.

Learning

Ingesting a food or drink and then becoming nauseous, this leads to aversion to the food or drink. This is an adaptive response because it helps us avoid dangerous things in the future.

Learned taste aversion

Consequences of a behavior are unpleasant, the stimulus-response connection will weaken and the likelihood of the behavior will decrease.

Instrumental learning

Defined by its consequences; anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur.

Reinforcer (reinforcement)

Affecting behavior by using unpleasant consequences.

Punishment

Reinforces the steps used to reach the desired behavior.

Shaping

Animals can also be taught to perform a number of response successively in order to get a reward.

Chaining

Are rewarding. They include things like food, water, and rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.

Primary reinforcers

Things we have learned to value such as praise or the chance to play a video game or alc.

Secondary reinforcers

Money is this type of reinforcer. Because it can be trader for virtually anything.

Generalized reinforcers

Every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a an item of value. Allowed to trade item of value for any one of a variety of reinforcers. Often used in prisons, mental institutions, and even schools.

Token economy

Anything that increases that the behavior will be repeated again.

Reinforcement

Tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors.

Instinctive drift

People and animals learn things from watching others. For example, watching children play house gives us an indication of all they have learned from watching their families and the families of others. (Modeling)

Observational learning

Becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it.

Latent learning

Rats that ran a maze repeatedly evidences dramatic improvement following the introduction of a reward. Rats created and stored cognitive maps, and were able to use the maps when needed. (Edward Tolman’s)

Latent Learning Experiments

Chimpanzees solved problems suddenly rather than gradually. Non-humans animals are capable of insight (Wolfgang Kohler’s)

Insight Learning Experiments

Classical conditioning training procedure in which the US is presented before the CS.

Backward conditioning

Involves understanding concepts such as tree or same rather than learning simply to press a bar or peck a disk in order to secure a reward.

Abstract Learning

The presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US

Trace conditioning

CS and US are presented at the same time

Simultaneous conditioning