Biol pp 3

Define Biology

the scientific study of living systems

define living systems

any system that uses energy for the purpose of growth, maintenance, and reproduction

digestive waste

mostly unprocessed bulk material; that is not product of biochemical reactions (animals and people)

metabolic waste

molecular produce of biochemical reactions (all cells)

what are living systems made of?

all living systems are made of cells

what is a cell?

the fundamental unit of life

what kinds of organisms are eukaryotic?

Archaeplastida = plants

Opisthokonta - Metazoa, Fungi

Everything else can be called a Protist

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and have one circular chromosome whereas eukaryotic have a membrane-bound nuclei and have multiple linear chromosomes

How big are prokaryotic cells?

they are typically 1 to 10 um in diameter

how big are eukaryotic cells?

typically 10 to 100 um in diameters

Define DNA

stores information

what are ribosomes made of and what do they do?

they are made of rRNA and proteins; ribosomes synthesize proteins

what are the 2 unifying concept of biology?

evolution and genetics

Define genetics

the scientific study of the structure, function, and inheritance of units go heredity information

define genetic information

information about characteristics and potentialities of an organism

What is heredity?

the transmission of genetic information from ancestor to descendant

what is the genetic material?

the physical material that hold genetic information

what is a gene?

a sequence of nucleotides that can be transcribed by proteins to build an RNA molecule

how are proteins synthesized by cells?

through transcription and translation

what is a transcription?

process by which all cells use proteins to make an RNA copy of a DNA sequence

mRNA

carries information from gene to ribosome

rRNA

contributes to ribosome function

tRNA

carries amino acids to ribosome

what is Translation?

process by which ribosomes use information in mRNA to build proteins

Where is genetic information stored in prokaryotes?

In nucleoid region

where is genetic information stored in eukaryotes?

in chloroplasts/chromoplasts, mitochondria, nuclei

*genetic information in thesis places is held by DNA in this places*

what structures hold the majority of genetic information?

chromosomes

haploid

one if each kind of chromosome ( sperm cell has 23 chromosomes )

diploid

two of each kind of chromosomes - zygote has 46 chromosomes 2n=46

what is the structural relationship btw DNA and chromosomes?

50% DNA

50% protein

what is the structural relationship btw DNA and chromosomes?

coil or helix

what are the structural components of a chromosome?

one molecule of DNA and millions of protein molecules

how long is 1 chromosomal DNA molecule?

human chromosome I: 86.645 mm

do all human cells have nuclei and chromosomes?

females: c. 3.36 × 10^12

males: c. 4.8 × 10^12

cells have nuclei

how much nuclear DNA do we carry?

male 62AU

female 44 AU

what is the structural relationship between genes and chromosomes?

genes are part of the chromosomal DNA molecule

do all human genes hold information for building proteins?

total number of all genes: 35,495

numb er of genes that hold information for building proteins: 18,939

what is an allele?

one of multiple forms of a gene;
if two sequences of a gene differ by at least one nucleotide, then they are different alleles

what is a population?

a group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and share a unique set of alleles

what is a melanocyte?

a cell that uses enzymes to synthesize melanin inside membrane-vound melanosomes

what happen to melanosomes that are filled with melanin?

they are transported into other cells

what is melanin?

pigment molecule that is synthesized by enzymes

what is Tyrosinase?

enzyme that is needed for the synthesis of melanin

what are the mechanism that contribute to evolution of a population?

natural selection = dominant and or recessive allele

mutations

gene flow

nonrandom mating

genetic drift

incorporation off new genomic material

what is evolution?

a change over generations in the allele frequency of a population

can evolution be measured?

can individuall organisms evolve?

yes - in as little as one generation

no - only populations can evolve \

*evolution is molecular*

is every detectable act of evolution an act of speciation?

NO. the overwhelming majority of the process of evolution does NOT redoubt in the appearance of new species

define speciation

a product of evolution, usually requires hundred of thousands, or millions, of years.

*evolution and speciation are not synonymous*

what does the theory of evolution predict?

all people are related to each other / all anthropoids are related to each other / all mammals are related to each other / all vertebrates are related to each other / all animals are related to each other / all eukaryotes are related to each other / all living things are related to each other

how can understanding evolution help us understand microbiology?

it is reasonable to expect similar structure and function at the level of the molecule, cell, tissue, organ, and organism

what does the theory of evolution predict?

it predicts that we are related to the organisms that we will study in microbiology