Regulating the cell cycle and cancer. Biology 1 Honors

Why is regulating cell division important?

To ensure organisms get the genetic information needed for survival; improper division can lead to cancer.

What is cancer?

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division in multicellular organisms.

What is the lifespan of skin cells?

1-2 days and they can divide.

Why might neurons and white blood cells have longer lifespans?

They perform critical functions and need to be available for longer periods, despite not being able to divide.

How do receptor proteins affect cell division?

They communicate to prevent growth when cells touch each other.

What role do cyclins play in the cell cycle?

Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle.

What are the symptoms of cancer?

Lumps, abnormal changes in skin, and changes in normal body functions.

What happens when cells do not respond to 'stop' signals?

They can form tumors that damage surrounding tissues.

What is the life span of red blood cells?

Less than 120 days and they cannot divide.

How do normal cells prevent overcrowding?

They have a 'stop' signal activated by sensors that detect nearby cells.

Metastasis

Spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body

Mutations

A change in the DNA base sequence

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death; occurs during infant development

What causes cancer

Cancer results from a defect in genes that control cell growth and division.

Tumor

A mass of rapidly dividing cells; can be benign (non cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome attached by a centromere

Parent cell

original cell

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

daughter cells

new cells produced by cell division

Interphase

Period of time where a cell carries out cell processes and replicates DNA prior to cell division

Mitotic Phase

Second part of the cell cycle, where the cell divisions occurs.

Zygote

Diploid organism created by the fertilization and fusion of egg and sperm.

prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

telophase

After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

chromatid

Each half of the chromosome

chromosome

A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information

centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

G1 phase

interphase stage of cell cycle where cell grows and carries out metabolic processes

G2 phase

interphase stage prepares to divide by copying organelles

S phase

interphase stage of cell cycle where cell replicates DNA

Spindle fiber

emerge from centrioles, attach to chromosomes to pull them apart during mitosis

Cleavage furrow

a pinching of the cell membrane that begins to form in telophase

Stem cell

unspecialized cell with no specific job

Diploid

cells have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent, paired), found in most body (somatic) cells.

Haploid

cells have only one set, found in sex (gamete) cells like sperm and eggs, produced by meiosis for sexual reproduction.

Gametes

Sperm and Egg

Somatic cells are

differentiated cells that form the different types of body tissue that exist

Totipotent cells

can develop into all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic, or placental cells.

Pluripotent cells

Cells can form any cell type.

multipotent cells

can develop into more than one cell type but are more limited in their repertoire than pluripotent cells

Stem cells can

differentiate into specialized cells or produce more stem cells.

CDK

Are enzymes that need a partner protein

Glans penis

Function: Aid in entry to female reproductive tract. Its the enlarged tip of penis covered by foreskin (Meatus)

Penis

Function: Penetrate and deposit sperm into female reproductive tract.

Prostate Gland

Function: Secretes a buffer (alkaline) that protects sperm in the acidic enviroment of the vagina.

Seminal Vesicles

Function: A mucus-like fluid containing fructose (for sperm nutrition) and prostaglandins to semen or seminal fluid. found at base of bladder.

Urethra

Function: Tube that carries urine and semen.

Vas Deferens

Function: Carries sperm from epididymis eventually to urethra. (receive mature sperm from Epididymis) Other: Prevents sperm and urine from being in the utrethra at same time

Epididymis

Function: Place in which sperm mature and become motile. Coiled tubule lying just outside each teste.
Other: Sperm will leave Epididymis, travel through ductus deferens, ejac duct, and leave penis

Scrotum

Function: Sac that holds Testes, found outside body
Other: Kept outside due to sperm not developing at body temp.

Testes

Funciton: Produce sperm, and testosterone.
Other: Primary reproductive organs or gonads responsible for gamete formation using MEIOSIS

the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the human penis

Penis Glans

a typical paired male reproductive gland that produces sperm and secretes testosterone and that in most mammals is contained within the scrotum at sexual maturity

Testis

a pouch of skin containing the testicles.

Scrotum

a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes

Epididymis

male reproductive organ whose main function is to secrete prostate fluid, one of the components of semen

Prostate gland

urethra

Seminal vesicle

Vas deferens

Foreskin

Hollow, flexible, muscular organ. Holds the fetus.

Uterus

stores egg cells, produces hormones **Estrogen

ovary

transports egg cell from ovary to uterus; this is where fertilization happens

fallopian tubes

stores / holds liquid waste

Bladder

transports liquid waste from bladder to outside of the body

Urethra

transports solid waste from large intestine to outside of the body

Rectum

Takes place in the fallopian tubes

fertilization

A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

Vagina

The opening to the uterus

Cervix

Number 2 on the diagram

Urethra

Number 3 on the diagram

Prepuce, or foreskin

Number 4 on the diagram

Scrotum

Number 5 on the diagram

Testis

Number 6 on the diagram

Epididymis

Number 7 on the diagram

Urinary bladder

Number 8 on the diagram

Vas deferens

Number 9 on the diagram

Seminal vesicles

Number 10 on the diagram

Prostate gland

Number 1 on the diagram

penis

What is 1?

Vagina

What is 2?

Urethra

What is 3?

Clitoris

What is 4?

Bladder

What is 5?

Uterus

What is 6?

ovary

What is 7?

Fallopian tube

What is 8?

cervix

What is 9?

Rectum