Exam 1 HDFS multicultural children and family studies

Know the reasons why it is useful to study families from different cultures.

• Can be more sensitive in interactions with families from other cultures.

• Increase understanding of other cultural groups

• Determine what is universal; what it culturally specific

• Learn about own culture

• Learn better ways of doing things

• Better understanding of others practices and values

Be able to name and describe the four criteria that Ting-Toomey said we should meet when we use stereotypes.

• be conscious of your use of stereotypes.

• Stereotypes should describe a behavior rather than judge them

• stereotypes should be based on credible research based information 

• Stereotypes should be modifiable

Know the working definition of culture that we are using in this course.

• Habits of thinking, behaving, and emotion shared by a group of people

Understand the difference between ethnicity and culture.

Ethnicity is one's way of identifying themselves within a group whom with they share common ancestry, whether that be through race, language, or religion. Culture is broader than ethnicity, as it contains a set of practices learned through one's experience in society, and may include knowledge, morals, beliefs, laws, habits, etc. The main difference between the two is ancestry.

Know what family structure Murdock (a structural functionalist) thought was universal

Nuclear Family

Know the four functions that Murdock thought that family structures serve.

Sexual, Reproduction, Socialization, Economic

Know the exceptions to the rule–ways in which the four “functions” are fulfilled by institutions other than the family.

Israeli Kibbutz, China- Mosuo

Know about “nurturant socialization”–a possible “fifth” function

Children are socialized by people who they feel cared and loved by.

Know the definition of family that we are using in this course.

one or more adults and one or more children

Know the basic point of structural functionalism

families around the world have certain structures

Know what structural functionalists have to say about the family and gender roles

emphasizes traditional gender roles because they believe man and woman to be different, and have different roles

Understand what was said about Super & Harkness & the developmental niche

Everyday context (quiet kid seeking quiet friend) culture-determined parenting techniques (parenting changes on location), practices of the caregiver (sensitive or strict)

Bronfenbrenner's “systems.”

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

Hofstede’s four dimensions of values

1. Individualism-Collectivism

2.  Power-Distance (Vertical-Horizontal)

3. Uncertainty Avoidance

4. Masculinity-Femininity

Schwartz’s three basic questions that all societies must answer, and the three dimensions of values that societies use to answer these questions.

1. To what extent are individuals autonomous vs. embedded in groups?

Relationships between individuals and groups (Conservatism vs. Autonomy)

2. How to motivate people to consider others' welfare and coordinate with them?

Assuring socially responsible behavior (Hierarchy vs. Egalitarianism) 

3. Is it to submit, fit in, or to exploit?

The role of humankind in the natural and social world (Harmony vs. Mastery)

Triandis’ two “types” of individualism and two “types” of collectivism, and how he measures them

• Vertical Collectivism - Seeing the self as part of a collective, accepting hierarchy and potential inequality
  Horizontal Collectivism - Seeing the self as part of a collective, but everyone is seen as equal, no hierarchy
  Veritcal Individualism - Seeing the self as autonomous , accepting of hierarchy and knowing inequality will exist
  Horitzontal Indvidualism - Seeing the self as autonomous, but egalitarian, no hierarchy

the Iyengar and Lepper (1997) study: the study that examined Asian- and European-American children working on word puzzles in “self,” “ parental/mother” and “researcher” choice conditions.

Asian-American children were more likely to enjoy the puzzle.(collectivists)

European-Americans preferred to pick the puzzle themselves (individualists)

Know the difference between terms for “sex” and gender”

sex is xx and xy

gender is less formal male and female

basic gender differences that have been found in research, including, but not limited to, breadwinner and domestic roles

• Females are more often known as "Sensitive", "Nurturant", and more "Calm". Men are more often known as the "Breadwinner", "Don't show emotion", and more "Dominant"

Know the explanations for why these sex differences exist

environment, hormones, evolution, and possible biological environment interactions

Understand the qualifications mentioned regarding gender differences

there is not much of a difference between what a man or woman can accomplish regarding certain tasks such as mathematics.

Understand how gender roles tend to be associated with individualism and collectivism

Individualist countries- fewer gender roles

Collectivist cultures- more gender roles

Understand the reason why collectivist cultures might have different gender roles than more individualist cultures

They have different gender roles compared to individualist cultures because people in collectivist cultures tend to appeal to more traditional gender roles, and this is because of their value to contribute to a group/society.

Know the qualities of a potential spouse that are especially valued in collectivist cultures.

• Chastity, desire for home and children, good cook/housekeeper, favorable social status, ambition & industry, good financial prospects

Have an idea of what romantic love is, and how it is thought of in individualist and collectivist groups

• Romantic love is the qualities of a person, the experience, and temporal qualities. 

Know how collectivist parents and their adolescent children who grow up in North America differ over issues of romance.

The parents in North America think you should only date somebody if you are looking for marriage in your partner 

Know how intimacy is viewed/defined in different cultural groups.

In independent (individualistic) cultures, intimacy is often defined through self-disclosure. People show they're close by sharing their thoughts, feelings, and personal experiences.  In interdependent (collectivist) cultures, intimacy does not necessarily come from self-disclosure. It's more about paying attention to the other person, maintaining a peaceful atmosphere, and understanding each other

Know the points mentioned in lectures, for why people engage in arranged marriages, and where and how this practice tends to be used

People engage in arranged marriages particularly because of Familism. These practices tend to be used in collectivist cultures