Exam 4 - Disorders of Memory + Cognition

what structures are involved in encoding

1. thalamus

2. frontal lobes

what structures are involved in consolidation

1. fornix

2. hippocampus

what structures are involved in retrieval

frontal lobes

papez circuit

tied to emotional memory

what gyrus is part of papez circuit

cingulate gyrus

pathway of papez circuit

1. hippocampus

2. fornix

3. mamillary body

4. anterior thalamic nucleus

5. cingulate gyrus

6. parahippocampal gyrus

amnesia

1. inability to recall important autobiographical info

2. symptoms cause distress/impairment

3. not caused by a substance

4. not caused by a disorder

2 types of amensia

1. anterograde

2. retrograde

retrograde amnesia

trouble remembering past memories

anterograde

trouble remembering new information

disorders of encoding

1. wenicke's korsakoff (thiamin deficiency)

2. thalamic strokes

3. nutrition deficits

4. end stage Alzheimer's

disorders of consolidation

1. complex partial seizures

2. anoxia

3. herpes encephalitis

4. fentanyl/opiates

5. alzheimer's

what structures are involved in disorders of memory

1. hippocampus

2. fornix

3. mammillary body

WADA test determines...

if one part of the brain is sufficient to retain memory if one hemisphere is shut down

what structure is involved with problems in retrieval based memory

frontal lobe lesions

frontal disconnection is associated with what diseases

1. parkinson's

2. huntington's

3. AIDS/HIV

4. chronic ischemia

5. MS

dementia

host of clinical disease where pt experiences memory loss + cognitive decline

MCC of dementia

alzheimer's

normal aging memory deficits

1. slight decrements in cognitive function

2. processing speed + fluid ability most affected

3. crystallized abilities are not affected

clin features of mild cognitive impairment

1. relatively mild impairment of cognitive function

2. losing things often

3. forgetting events/appointments

4. word finding problems

T/F - MCI will always progress to alzheimers

FALSE

patho of alzheimer's

1. beta amyloid plaques cause destruction to neurons

2. neurofibrillary tangles (tau)

what gene is involved in patho of dementia diseases

APOE4

dx criteria for alzheimers

1. biomarkers present

2. clinical picture

what imaging is used to identify amyloid markers

PET

what gene is protective

APOE2

what gene is neutral

APOE3

T/F - by the time symptoms show, the pathology in the brain has already been happening for a while

TRUE

early clinical signs of alzheimers

1. repeating self

2. forgetting recent events + conversations

3. forgetting to pay bills, take meds, put things away (executive functions)

tx for alzheimers

1. AchE-inhibitors

2. NMDA agonists

3. SSRIs

4. new gen antipsychotics

what meds are used in the stage of MCI

1. aducanumab

2. lecanemab

frontotemporal dementias

pick's disease

- spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders that begin in the frontal/temporal lobes

clin features of FTD

1. insidious onset

2. nonfluent speech aphasias

imaging finding with FTD

asymmetric abnormality usually in L hemisphere

lewy body dementia

asynucein protein buildup

clin features of lewy body dementia

1. hallucination/delusions

2. parkinsonism

3. fluctuations

4. visuospatial abnormalities

PET scan results in lewy body dementia

occipital hypometabolism

tx for lewy body dementia

respond to AchE-Is