SPED Exam 1

Exceptional children differ from the norm (either below or above) to such an extent that they…

Require an individualized program of special education.

Impairment

The loss or reduced function of a body part or organ

Disability

Exists when an impairment limits the ability to perform certain tasks.

Handicap

A problem or disadvantage a person with a disability may encounter when interacting with the environment.

At risk

Children who have a greater-than-usual chance of developing a disability.

Approximately how many children and youth with disabilities, ages 3 to 21, received sped services during the 2012-2013 school year?

6.4 Million

Children in sped represent what percent of the school age population?

13%

About twice as many ______ as ________ receive special education

Males as females

About _____ in ______ students with disabilities between 6 and 13 years are _____________ and no longer receive sped services two years after initial identification

One in six; declassified

Why are laws governing the education of exceptional children necessary?

• An exclusionary past

• Children who are different have often been denied full and fair access to educational opportunities

What court case strongly influenced sped by social development in the 1950s and 1960s?

Brown v. Board of Education

All children are entitled to:

Free, appropriate public education

Six Major Principles of IDEA:

1. Zero Reject

2. Nondiscriminatory Identification and Evaluation

3. FAPE

4. LRE

5. Procedural Safeguards

6. Parent and Student Participation and Shared Decision Making

IDEA: Zero Reject

Schools must educate all children with disabilities

IDEA: Nondiscriminatory identification and evaluation

Schools must use non-biased, multi-factored methods of evaluation

IDEA FAPE (Free and Appropriate Public Education)

Free education regardless of type or severity of disability. MUST HAVE IEP.

IDEA LRE (Least Restrictive Environment)

Children with disabilities must be educated with nondisabled children to the maximum extent appropriate. Must have access to general ed. curriculum.

IDEA Procedural Safeguards

Help parents and students enforce their rights under federal law.

IDEA: Parent Participation and shared decision making

Schools must collaborate with parents

Occupational therapy

Improving ability to perform tasks for independent functioning

Parent counseling and training

Assists parents in understanding the special needs of their child.

Rehabilitative counseling

Services that focus on specific career development.

Social Work Services

Working on problems in a child's living situation.

Speech-language pathology services

Intervention for speech and language impairments

Other provisions of IDEA:

1. Special education services for preschoolers.

2. Early intervention for infants and toddlers

3. Assistive technology.

4. Scientifically based instruction.

5. Universal design for learning (UDL)

Javits Gifted and Talented Student Education Act

(1978) Provides financial incentives for states to develop programs for students

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Extends civil rights to people with disabilities

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Extends civil rights protection to private sector employment, all public services, public accommodation, and transportation.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (aka No Child Left Behind)

• Accountability for student learning

• Scientifically based instruction

• Implications for students with disabilities (accommodations and alternate assessments)

Preventative Intervention

Designed to keep minor problems from becoming a disability.

Primary Prevention

Designed to reduce the number of new cases of a disability.

Secondary Prevention

Aimed at individuals who have already been exposed to or are displaying specific risk factors and is intended to eliminate or counteract the effects of those risk factors.

Tertiary Prevention

Aimed at individuals with a disability and intended to prevent the effects of a disability from worsening.

Remedial Intervention

Attempt to eliminate the effects of a disability

Compensatory Intervention

Enable successful functioning in spite of the disability.

Special Education as Instruction
who-
what-
how-
where-

who- the exceptional children whose educational needs necessitate an individually planned program of instruction

what- special education can sometimes be differentiated from general education by its curriculum

how- sped differs from general education by its use of specialized, or adapted materials and methods

where- sped can sometimes be identified (but not identified) by where it takes place.

Current and future challenges in SPED:

• Closing the research to practice gap

• Increasing availability and quality of programs for gifted and talented students.

• Helping secondary students transition from school to adult life.

• Learning about educational and technology devices that promote independence.

• Increase for sped

• Changing attitudes of what individuals with disabilities can do

The process of SPED:

• Pre-referral

• Evaluation and eligibility determination

• Program planning

• Placement

• Progress monitoring, annual review, and reevaluation

Some groups receive sped at a rate higher or lower than their representation in the general population: ________________, ____________________, and _____________________ students are over represented in the sped population.

Native American, Native Hawaiian, and African American

________________ and ___________ children are underrepresented in the autism category

African American and Hispanic

Coordination

Ongoing communication and cooperation to ensure that services are provided in a timely and systematic fashion.

Consultation

Team members provide information and expertise to one another.

Multidisciplinary Team

Composed of professionals from different disciplines who work independently of one another; each member conducts assessments, plans interventions, and delivers services.

Interdisciplinary Team

Characterized by formal channels of communication between members; although each professional usually conducts discipline-specific assessments, the interdisciplinary team meets to share information and develop intervention plans.

Transdisciplinary Team

Members seek to provide services in a uniform and integrated fashion by conducting joint assessments, sharing information and expertise across discipline boundaries, and selecting goals and interventions that are discipline free. Most sharing team works the best

Co-teaching is a general education teacher and a special education teacher ________ and ___________ together in an inclusive classroom.

Planning; delivering instruction

IDEA requires an _______ to be developed and implemented for every student with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21

IEP

The IEP team must include the following members…

1. Parents (the expert)

2. General education teachers (experts on curriculum and what to teach)

3. SPED Teachers (experts of strategies and intervention; put the draft of the IEP together)

4. LEA (local education agency) representative ( $$$ person, knows laws and resources)

AN IEP team can have:

1. An individual who can interpret evaluation results

2. Others at the discretion of the parent or school

3. The student (age 14 or older must be invited)

An IEP must include:

1. A statement of present levels education performance

2. A statement of annual goals

3. A statement of how the child will be assessed

4. A statement of sped and related services

5. The projected date for the beginning and duration of services (only last for 1 year)

6. Beginning at age 16, an individual transition plan must be developed

The IEP is a measure of ______________ for teachers and schools and the formats _______ across school districts.

Accountability; varies

A school district is legally bound to provide ____________ and ___________ identified in an IEP.

Sped and related services

LRE is the setting that is closest to a regular school program that meets the child's special ed needs, the LRE cannot be determined by:

The child's disability

_________________ means educating students with disabilities in general education classrooms

Inclusion

Access to educational opportunity was once the major challenge for children with disabilities. the major concern today is about the ____________________ and ________________________ of SPED.

Appropriateness and effectiveness

What is one criterion for a diagnosis of intellectual disability according to the AAIDD?

Significant sub-average intellectual functioning.

What score on standardized intelligence tests indicates significant sub-average intellectual functioning?

A score of 2 or more standard deviations below the mean (90-110).

What is the second criterion for a diagnosis of intellectual disability according to the AAIDD?

Significant difficulty with adaptive behavior.

When must deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior occur to diagnose intellectual disability?

During the developmental period.

The IDEA definition of a learning disability:

Disorder in 1 or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do math.

Three criteria usually used to determine a learning disability:

1. Discrepancy between intelligence and academic performance

2. Exclusion criteria- no other condition causing the learning problem

3. Need for special education

Response to Intervention (RTI):

A strategy used for determining whether a pupil has a learning disability.

Advantages of RTI:

1. Does no require a discrepancy

2. Avoids 'wait to fail'

3. Promotes early identification and prevention

Most common problems of LD students

Reading and writing

Challenges that occur to LD students:

• Math

• Social skills

• ADHD

• Behavior

• Low self-efficacy

• Low self-concept

• Reading and writing

Tier 1 of RTI

Primary intervention in the regular classroom using evidence-based curriculum

Tier 2 of RTI

Secondary intervention for a fixed period of time. this is more intense instruction than tier 1. it usually lasts for 10 to 12 weeks

Tier 3 of RTI

This is usually special education. the student is placed in tier 3 only when adequate progress has not been seen in tiers 1 and 2

LD is by far the ______________ of all special education categories. In 2010-2011, _________% of all children with disabilities received services under the LD category, which is about __________% of the school-age population

• Largest

• 36.7%

• 5%

What are the causes of LD?

• Brain damage or dysfunction

• Heredity

• Environmental factors

• Unknown causes

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)

Evaluating students' performance by collecting data frequently and directly on academic tasks.

Major principles of effective instructional design:

• Big ideas

• Conspicuous strategies

• Mediated scaffolding

• Strategic integration

• Primed background knowledge

• Judicious review