CA2

What is the most common cause of poisoning worldwide?

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most common cause of poisoning, particularly due to its wide availability and common use.

Which toxin primarily affects the nervous system and is associated with contaminated food?

Botulinum toxin causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions.

What is the most common cause of burns in children?

Thermal burns from hot liquids (e.g., water, coffee, soup) are the most common cause of burns in children.

What is the initial management step for a second-degree burn?

Apply a cold compress to the burn to reduce pain and prevent further tissue damage.

What degree of burn involves full-thickness damage to the skin?

A third-degree burn involves full-thickness damage, including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Which medication is commonly used to treat thyroid storm?

Methimazole is used to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis in treating thyroid storm.

What is a recognized risk factor for cellular aberrations?

Genetic mutations are recognized as primary risk factors for the development of cellular aberrations.

Why is early screening important for individuals with a family history of cancer?

Early screening ensures they receive interventions to prevent disease progression.

What screening procedure is appropriate for a patient with a history of tobacco use and lung cancer in the family?

A chest X-ray is the most appropriate screening procedure.

Which factor is most relevant for assessing a patient with obesity and a family history of colorectal cancer?

The patient’s family history suggests they may benefit from colorectal cancer screening procedures.

Which screening strategy is effective for a population at high risk for cellular aberrations?

Offering genetic counseling and conducting genetic screening to assess risk.

What should be included in a screening plan for patients with a family history of cancer and who have been smoking?

Recommend a health evaluation including genetic testing and appropriate cancer screenings.

What is the primary technique used in physical examinations to assess cellular aberrations?

Inspection is the most common initial technique.

Why is palpation important in physical examinations?

Palpation helps identify changes in texture of skin and underlying tissues.

What should a healthcare provider do next upon discovering an enlarged lymph node?

Perform further palpation to assess the lymph node's characteristics.

What indicates a potentially malignant abdominal mass in an examination?

A hard, irregular, and fixed mass suggests malignancy.

Which finding in the breast strongly suggests cellular aberration?

A firm, irregular, and fixed mass with skin changes.

How should a healthcare provider integrate physical examination techniques for comprehensive assessments?

Use inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation systematically.

What is the purpose of a biopsy?

A biopsy collects tissue samples for diagnostic purposes.

What is the primary purpose of a digital rectal examination (DRE)?

To assess the size and consistency of the prostate gland.

What is the indication for cystoscopy in a patient with hematuria?

To visualize the bladder and urethra to identify the source of bleeding.

What does lymphangiography help visualize?

Lymphatic vessels and nodes.

When would a cerebral arteriography be indicated?

In a patient with a history of stroke and neurological deficits.

What should be part of a diagnostic plan for unexplained abdominal pain with possible pelvic masses?

Cyt Aspiration and Biopsy.

What is the most common type of cancer in women worldwide?

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosed in women.

What is the primary method for detecting lung cancer in symptomatic individuals?

CT scan or chest X-ray.

What is the next step for a palpable lump in the breast of a female with a family history of breast cancer?

Perform a biopsy to determine the nature of the lump.

What is a likely diagnosis for a 62-year-old woman with abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain?

Uterine cancer.

What should be the next action for a patient with lung mass and history of smoking?

Schedule a bronchoscopy for biopsy.

What is a common symptom of prostate cancer in its early stages?

Difficulty urinating is common in early prostate cancer.

What is the most common screening method for colorectal cancer in individuals over 50?

Colonoscopy is the most commonly recommended method.

What should be the next step for an elderly man with elevated PSA levels?

Perform a digital rectal examination (DRE).