Brain Evolution

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cerebral cortex

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31 Terms

1

cerebral cortex

outer lay of the cerebral hemispheres

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2

neocortex

centrally involved with all aspects of cognition and behavior (sensation, motor control, cognition, planning)

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3

frontal lobe (LS)

executive functions, motor

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4

parietal lobe (LS)

sensorimotor functions

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5

temporal lobe (LS)

memory, audition

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6

occipital lobe (LS)

vision

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7

Frontal lobe (MS)

social cognition, emotion control

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8

parietal lobe (MS)

autobiographical memory

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9

temporal lobe (MS)

memory, expertise

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10

occipital lobe (MS)

vision

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11

insula

internal representation of the body, feelings of pain, disgust, empathy

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12

sensory cortex

receive sensory input

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13

motor cortex

send motor output

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14

association cortex

integrative functions, planning, language, tool use, complex cognition

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15

association cortex

expanded greatly in primates

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16

gyrus

having a highly convoluted brain allows for more neocortical surface area in a smaller volume!

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17

neocortex

a 6-layered structure that covers the surface of the cerebrum

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18

layer IV

primary input, more sensory info comes in here

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19

layer V

primary output, most commands go out from this layer

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20

Social Theories

decision making, relationships, attract mates, expanded neocortex

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21

Foraging Theories

some foods require more learning to acquire

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22

ecological theories

more cognitively demanding food leads to bigger brain and slower life history

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23

extractive theories

convergent evolution, larger brains, slow life history, problem solving, learning, planning

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24

relative brain size

E = kP^α

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25

encephalization

the enlargement of the brain relative to its expected size

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26

encephalization quotient

EQ = observed brain size / predicted brain size

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27

endocasts

show basic gyrus/sulcus features, comprehensive brains, how we know what extinct hominid brains look like

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28

The Front-Orbital Sulcus

brain size isn't everything, can have a restricted brain even with a smaller brain size

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29

energetic constraints

brains are expensive and need a lot of energy to function

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30

50% increase in energy

energetic constraints for a mother when lactating

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31

expensive tissue hypothesis

humans reduced their GI tract to reallocate resources to the brain with better diets

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