NCM 221 P2

Lumbar function

The introduction of a needle into the subarachnoid space at the level of 14 or L5 to withdraw CSF for analysis, is used most frequently with children to diagnose hemorrhage or infection in the CNS or to diagnose an obstruction of CSF flow.

Cerebral angiography

an xray study of cerebral blood vessels that involves the injection of a contrast material into the femoral or carotid artery.

xray techniques

used to obtain information about increased IC or skull defects such as fracture or craniosynostosis

myelography

the xray study of the spinal cord following the introduction of a contrast material into the CSF by lumbar puncture to reveal the presence of space occupying lesions of the spinal cord.

CT

To reveal densities at multiple levels or layers of brain tissue and is helpful to confirm the presence of a brain tumor or other encroaching lesions.

Brain scan

a radioactive material is injected intravenously, and after a fixed time during which the injected material is deposited in cerebral tissue, radioactivity levels over the skull are measured.

Position emission tomography

The diagnostic technique of position emission radio pharmaceuticals into a vein.

Echoencephalography

Involves the projection of ultrasound towards the child’s head or spinal cord.

Neurofibromatosis

the unexplained development of subcutaneous tumors.

Cerebral palsy

A group of non-progressive disorders of upper motor neuron impairment that result in motor dysfunction.

Ataxic type

Type of CP, have an awkward, wide based gait. Unable to perform fine coordinated motions, the finger to nose test, or rapid, repetitive movements.

Mixed type

Type of CP, show symptoms of both spasticity and athetoid or ataxic and athetoid movements. This combination obviously results in a severe degree of physical impairment.

Spastatic type

Excessive tone in the voluntary muscles that results from loss of upper motor neurons.

Dyskinetic type

Involves abnormal involuntary movement. Early in life, the child appears limp and flaccid,

Bacterial meningitis

Infection of the cerebral meninges

Group B streptococcal infection

A major cause of meningitis

Encephelitis

An inflammation of the brain tissues, with the most common cause being viral infection

Meningoencephalitis

Inflammation of both the meninges and brain

Reye Syndrome

Rare life threatening disease that is characterized by liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy

Guillan Barre Syndrome

The cause of the condition is unknown, but it is suspected that the reaction is immune mediated, occurring after upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal illnesses or rarely, immunizations.

Botulism

This occurs when spores of clostridium botulinium colinie and produce toxins in the intestine.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

compression of the median nerve that passes through the wrist and is rare in children.

Bell palsy

Facial paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve, the nerve that innervates the muscles of the facial expression.

Epilepsy

Involuntary contraction of muscles caused by abnormal electrical brain discharge.

Absence seizure

Consist of staring that lasts a few seconds

Salaam

Seizures in the infant and toddler periods

Febrile seizures

Seizures associated with fever.

Louis Bar Syndrome

a rare, inherited disorder, transmitted to an autosomal recessive trait attributable to a defect

Friedreich ataxia

Progressive loss of coordination and balance. Progressive cerebellar and spinal cord dysfunction occur in late adolescence

Bone radiography

It is used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structure of the body to assess the presence or absence of disease, foreign objects, and structural damage or anomaly.

Bone scan

A specialized radiology procedure used to examine the various bones of the skeleton.

Electromyography

Measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerves stimulation of the muscles.

Muscle biopsy

The removal of a small piece of muscle tissue for examination.

Bone Biopsy

A procedure in which a small bone sample is removed from the outer layers of bone for examination.

Arthroscopy

A surgical procedure that orthopedic surgeons use to visualize and treat problems inside a joint.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Used to examine bones, joints, and soft tissues such as cartilage, muscles, and tendons for injuries or the presence of structural abnormalities

Flat feet

Refers to relaxation of the longitudinal arch of the foot

Genu Varum

Lateral bowing of the tibia

Genu Valgum

Medial knees of the knees touch and the medial surfaces of the ankle malleoli are separated. by more than 3 inches.

Toeing in

Pigeon toe, occurs as a result of foot, tibial, femoral or hip displacement.

osteogenesis imperfecta

A genetic disease in which bones fracture easily, often with no obvious cause or minimal injury.

Osteomylitis

Infection of the bone caused by staphyloccocus aureus in older children, streptococcus pygones in younger children.

Transient synovitis

An inflammation in the hip joint that causes pain, limp and sometimes refusal to bear weight.

Apophysitis

An overuse injury that typically occurs after repetitive activities of the muscles attached to the apophysis.

Functional scoliosis

Occurs as a compensatory mechanism in children who have unequal leg length.

Structural scoliosis

An idiopathic, permanent curvature of the spine accompanied by damage to the vertebrae.

Juvenile arthritis

Primarily involves the joints of the body, also affects blood vessels and connective tissues