Perspectives - Science History Review (Weeks 2-10)

Models of the universe that place Earth at the center.

Geocentric

Aristarchus

Philosopher who used angles of the sun, earth, and moon to determine their size.

Newgrange

A structure in Ireland that measured the winter solstice.

Copernicus

The first to propose a heliocentric model of the universe.

Ancient cultures

Used the sky as a clock and a compass.

Galileo Galilei

Supported the ideas of Copernicus with his telescope.

Wurdi Yourang

Regarded as the oldest observatory.

Galileo's observations

Included Jupiter, sun spots, the Milky Way being full of stars, Venus, and the moon.

Eudoxus and Aristotle

Proposed models using concentric spheres.

Astronomy

Regarded as the first science.

Hipparchus

Compiled a star catalog.

Aristotle

Studied animals and identified 11 genera.

Empedocles

Stated the Law of Conservation of Matter.

Pliny the Elder

Wrote Natural History, the first encyclopedia of all scientific knowledge.

Ptolemy

Believed Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe.

Galen

Believed food is cooked by the stomach.

Thales

Believed Earth was a cylinder floating on water.

Hippocrates

Believed diets, habits, and environment caused disease.

Galen's discoveries

Made in 200 CE.

Bayt Al-Hikmah

An enormous center of learning in Baghdad with thousands of books in Arabic and Persian.

Al-Jahiz

Wrote 140+ books on animals and studied many different ecosystems, introducing ideas of ecology and natural selection.

Arabic numerals

Introduced to the Arabic world by an unknown individual.

Al-Kindi

Who was known as the father of Arab philosophy?

Bayt Al-Hikmah (The House of Wisdom)

Was destroyed by the Mongols, resulting in the loss of thousands of books and sources of knowledge.

Al-Razi

He believed that disease has a natural cause and not a divine one, challenging medical views of Galen and Hippocrates.

Who believed disease was airborne?

Ibn Sina

What structure was destroyed by the Mongols losing decades of written history in the process?

Bayt Al-Hikmah (The House of Wisdom)

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

He calculated the earth's wobble.

Which ancient civilization developed irrigation systems with large water tanks for agriculture?

Indus Valley

Who encouraged dissection of the human body to learn anatomy?

Sushruta

What are the three doshas? vata (movement), pitta (transformation), and kapha (lubrication and stability).

Charaka's system

Kanada's philosophy

Proposed the existence of indivisible particles called Paramanu.

Who described gravity as an attractive force and treated zero as a number?

Brahmagupta

Which scientist said that the earth rotates on an axis daily?

Aryabhata

By what medium was information passed down before modern technologies?

Bark, palm leaves, word of mouth

Who proposed that the heart is the control center of the body?

Charaka

What was the main thing African science was used to solve? Local problems.

African science

What are uses of iron? used to make spears and plows, protection, currency.

Iron

What did the iron furnace symbolize imn ancient africa?

a woman.

Where is the earliest pottery evidence found?

Central Mali

Pottery rules

Men and menstruating women were not allowed near clay sources or kilns.

What was pottery used for?

serving bowls, cooking bowls, fetching water, brewing beer, storing water/milk.

What type of pottery may be in the shape of a male/female body?

African pottery

What were the African tribes we studied?

1. Nok People

2. Nubian Desert Iron

3. Basotho Blacksmiths

4. Venda Tribe

5. Nyoro Tribe.

Gum Arabic- Was used where and to treat what?

Used in Australia as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial.

Tea Tree Oil- Was used where and to treat what?

Was used in India as an anti-inflammatory drug.

Cardamom- Was used where and to treat what?

Used in India as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

Old Medicines practiced in Southern Africa

Hallucinogens, Gems to fill cavities, Trephination, Hair Sutures.

Pliny the Elder's view of Opium

He called opium a potent poison, whereas in Egypt, Opium was viewed as a remedy for excessive crying in children.

Hua Tuo

Performed surgery under general anesthesia in China, 200 CE.

Paracelsus

Believed that sedation with sulfur preparations cured mental illness and promoted physical healing.

Who created the small pox vaccine?

Edward Jenner

Who encouraged hand washing, plummeting maternal death rate?

Ignaz Semmelweis

What scientific revolution was sparked after Flemming discovered Penicillin?

Antibiotics

Who is credited with the discovery of antiseptic surgery?

Joseph Lister

Who pioneered and promoted a new branch of science that is now known as alkaloid chemistry?

Friedrich Sertürner

Who used ether in a tooth extraction in 1846?

William T G Morton

Who led a research team at the University of Pittsburgh in developing an inactivated poliovirus vaccine?

Jonas Salk

Who classified the bloods of human beings into A, B, and O groups and justified how transfusions can occur?

Karl Landsteiner

Frederick Banting and Charles Best

They isolated the hormone that regulates blood sugar

Humphery Davey

He experienced the effects of laughing gas as a result of a doctor researching gases to treat disease

X-rays

Innovation in the medical field discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen

Who was the main inventor involved in alternating current?

Tesla

Layden jar

This demonstration tool stores static electricity gathered from friction.

Who was the main inventor involved in direct current?

Edison

Which type of current ultimately won the 'Current War'?

Alternating current (AC)

Otto von Guericke

He built the first effective vacuum (air) pump.

Luigi Galvani

Put dead frog legs on his patio in a thunderstorm and they twitched

De Rerum Natura

This means, "On the Nature of Things."

Who discovered electromagnetic induction?

Michael Farraday

What type of current runs to/through your house?

Alternating current

What type of current runs through your phone?

Direct Current

Who said Earth is a magnet?

William Gilbert