plant phys exam 4

dehydration synthesis

enzymes link monomers to form polymers

removal of H2O

Hydrolysis

enzymes break down polymers into monomer subunits

addition of H2O

Which of the following distinguishes primary metabolites from secondary metabolites?

being essential for cell function

primary metabolites

Carbohydrates

Nucleic acids

Lipids

Proteins

redox

transfer of electrons

What kind of a reaction does a fungus use to decompose leaves in symbiosis with leaf cutter ants, and what best explains why the ants carry the leaf fragments belowground for decomposition?

hydrolytic, the reactions requires water and there is higher humidity below ground

The driving force for ATP synthesis in the light reactions of photosynthesis is

a proton concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

Which wavelengths of light are captured by chlorophyll that drive the light reactions of photosynthesis?

blue, red

Which of the following is most likely to cause oxidative stress?

high light

stress that slows down the Calvin Cycle

Oxidative stress

free radical production created by high light and environmental stresses.

Environmental conditions that promote it are drought, nutrient imbalance, and suboptimal temperatures. 

C4

builds up high concentrations of CO2 using ATP in the bundle sheath cell, reducing Rubisco's oxygenase activity. This is used in dry areas because it allows the stomata to partially close, while not limiting photosynthesis production.

CAM

stomata open at night to limit water loss in dry/hot environments. They do the light reactions during the day and the Calvin cycle at night. 

What is the very first step in the light reactions of photosynthesis and the very last step in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?

water is split, water is formed

What is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration and what is the product of that reaction?

O2, H2O

products of cellular respirations

primary and secondary metabolites

CO2

H20

ATP