Unit 1 test Global politics

Joseph Nye

Joseph Nye

Coined the term "soft power" which is essentially the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion.

Liberalism

Sovereignty is an "important, but not exclusive" principal

Realism

Sovereignty is an "absolute" principal-except when it isint.

Constructivism

A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences

Great Power Competition

rival nations with global interests, reach, and influence vying to be the preeminent actor in global politics.

Unipolar power

when one state is more powerful than all the others

Bipolar power

A power structure dominated by two powers only, as in the case of the United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war.

Multipolar power

when many states are powerful and compete with each other

Hard power

A state forces others to do what they want, the target is usually less powerful

Smart power

Combination of hard power of coercion and payment with soft power of persuasion and attraction

Soft power

Use of manipulation and influence on another state

Economic power

Can be coercive (hard) or persuasive (soft) in a smart power approach. GDP & Per capita GDP

Military Power

Use as force Ex. war. Or to help in case of natural disaster or war zone

Diplomacy

Negotiation between nations

Cyber power

Empowering people (and states) via the internet (e.g. twitter campaigns & AI)

Structural power

Getting people to think of power in the same way you do

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Development aid

aid given to a country from another to help develop its economy

Jamal Khashoggi

A Saudi Arabia-born journalist, a columnist for The Washington Post, who was assassinated in the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul, Turkey, on October 2, 2018. His death is thought to have been ordered by the Saudi prince and leader, Mohammad bin Salman.

Power transitions theory

the tendency towards war between an emerging power and an existing great power in conflict over which will be the int. power

AUKUS

Australia, UK and USA signed military deal to control China's expansion into the South China Sea.

Conflict in the south China sea

-China is trying to extend its maritime limits (EEZ) by building artificial islands and occupying deserted islands such as the spratly islands

-Using Cabbage strategy- surrounding contested islands with boats to block of access

-This is too increase its military presence offshore, get access to the large reserves of natural resources within this area, and try and control trade routes through this area

2016 ICJ ruling on SCS

Countries in Asia and the US debated on the 9-dash line in the South China Sea.

2006 UNSC resolution 1701

The ending of hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel, with the Council calling for a permanent ceasefire to be based on the creation of a buffer zone

Sovereignty

States are classified as sovereign if they are independent not controlled by other territories or states. They are governd by a single gov.

Internal Sovereignty

Has to be an agreement within the nations's population that the state is legitimant and the holders of the rights of the people

External Sovereignty

Refers to the capacity of the state to act independently and autonomously on the world stage

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Authoritarian

Not elected or accountable to the pop. The people have no means to influence or remove gov.

Federal

A nat. gov. with significant power and sub governments at the local level with the power to make and enforce laws

Unitary

A nat. gov. with even stronger powers reserved ti the nat. gov.

Monarchy

King holds sovereignty power until death or abdication. May vary in the amount of power they hold.

Theocracy

Power is held by religious leaders, policies are based on religious standards

Fragile state

Can be any form of gov. but internal sovereignty is weak.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648. Granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties

Permanent pop. and Defined territories and boundaries, Effective gov., Capacity and legitimacy to enter into relations with other states

Max Weber

German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920)

Alexander Wendt

"All organized killing would ultimately be accountable to the global sovereign""Organized violence is collective to the whole system"

Interdependence

Mutual reliance between two or more groups. These influence each others economic, political fortunes so that chaos in one nation can influence nations and conditions on the other side of the globe

Globalization

The process by which the world's local, national, and regional economies, societies, and cultures are becoming increasingly integrated and connected.

Great ressesion

It began in December of 2007 and ended in mid-2009 due to high mortgages and the decrease of banks.

The Greek debt crisis

The sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007-08.

It reached the populace as a series of sudden reforms and austerity measures that led to impoverishment and loss of income and property, as well as a small-scale humanitarian crisis. In all, the Greek economy suffered the longest recession of any advanced capitalist economy to date

Trade wars

Countries impose tariffs or other restrictions on goods from another nation to eliminate trade deficit

European union

Hybrid IGO

-Grows a # of trade and other int. agreements between France and Germany after WWII. Helps Europe politically and economically.

WTO (World Trade Organization)

Considered with the regulation of international trade

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

Communal action problems-Space junk

Literally junk (satellite debris) orbiting fast enough to slice a human bone

Number of actors problems

To many groups debating in a conflict

Free-rider problem

The problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the group's activities without joining.

Tragedy of the Commons

situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community

UN Security Council

A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces.

UN council on human rights

United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.

NATO

An alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Global Governance

the way states organize themselves, make agreements and tackle shared challenges above national level, usually through international organizations with clear rules

Strategic alliances

informal cooperation among states where formal treaties are not signed. (Ex. AUKUS)

International court of justice

A court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations

Millennium Development Goals

Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015

Sustainable development goals

Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.