DDD T1

_________

• chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

Drug

Drug

• chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a _________________.

biological effect

____________

• It is the process through which potential new medicines are identified. It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and pharmacology.

Drug Discovery

Drug Discovery

• It is the process through which potential ____________ are identified. It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and pharmacology.

new medicines

Drug Discovery

• It is the process through which potential new medicines are identified. It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including ______, ______, and ______.

biology, chemistry, and pharmacology

_________

• It is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery

Drug Development

Drug Development

• It is the process of bringing a ____________________ once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery

new pharmaceutical drug to the market

Drug Development

• It is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a __________ has been identified through the process of drug discovery

lead compound

Drug Discovery Goal

Identify compound that can potentially treat a medical conditions

Drug Development Goal

Ensure that a new drug is safe and effective for use in humans

Drug Discovery Timeline

Usually less than 5yrs

Drug Development Timeline

May exceeds 10yrs

Drug discovery is the process by which drugs are _______________

discovered or designed

This process of drug discovery research can be __________________

basic or applied.

It involves the identification of _____, _____, _____, ______, and ________ for therapeutic efficacy

candidates, synthesis, characterization, screening, and assays

_______ process; lengthy, expensive, difficult, and inefficient process with a low rate of new therapeutic discovery

multifaceted

_____-_____ chemical compounds must undergo laboratory screening for each new drug approved for use in humans.

5,000- 10,000

Of the 5,000-10,000 compounds that are screened:

• _____ will enter preclinical testing

• _____ will enter

• _____ will be clinical testing approved and commercialized.

• 250

• 5

• 1

The major objective of research in the pharmaceutical industry is to ________________________________________________.

produce safe drugs that prevent, cure, or ameliorate disease.

Interim research goals that lead to this major objective are to:

• Understand the ________ basis of biological mechanisms in health and disease.

• molecular

Develop __________________ relevant to human and veterinary medicine.

new biological testing procedures

Develop a _________ understanding of the ________ with key biological systems, leading to the more rational design of drugs.

• quantitative

• interaction of drugs

Understand the ____, _____, and _________ of drugs.

absorption, transport, and mode of action

Develop drugs of _____, _____, and _______ for a given pathological state or target organ.

low toxicity, reproducible delivery, and high specificity

___________

• interdisciplinary scientific exploration of biologically active agents traditionally employed or observed by man

• constitutes the scientific study of plant, mineral and animal substances used medicinally, especially folk remedies, by different ethnic or cultural groups.

Ethnopharmacology

Ethnopharmacology

• interdisciplinary scientific ______________________ traditionally employed or observed by man

• constitutes the scientific study of plant, mineral and animal substances used medicinally, especially folk remedies, by different ethnic or cultural groups.

exploration of biologically active agents

Ethnopharmacology

• interdisciplinary scientific exploration of biologically active agents traditionally employed or observed by man constitutes the scientific __________________ used medicinally, especially folk remedies, by different ethnic or cultural groups.

study of plant, mineral and animal substances

Inventory by WHO found around ______ plant species in use for medicinal in various countries, with only 250 of those species are commonly or have been checked for main active chemical compounds

20,000

Inventory by WHO found around 20,000 plant species in use for medicinal in various countries, with only ____ of those species are commonly or have been checked for main active chemical compounds

250

Ethnopharmacology

• Goal: to identify drugs to _______________ via a thorough analysis of plants alleged to be useful in human cultures throughout the world

alleviate human illness

Natural Product Research Plants

• with medicinal properties have been used throughout history, and modern science has, in many cases, been able to isolate, identify, and elucidate the _________________ of the active agents

• pharmacological mode of action (MOA)

Natural Product Research

• Discovering new chemical entities (NCEs) from plant sources has been the first mind stuck for the plant chemists in both academics and industry, and still plays a major role in drug discovery

• new chemical entities (NCEs)

Opportunities

Opportunities

• vast literature in the field of plant studies (i.e. Ayurvedic medical scriptures)

• lack of standardization report on medicinal plants

• lack of chemical fingerprints of medicinal plants

Challenges

• lack of funds and interest by the government of the developing countries for discovery of natural products.

• difficulty in isolating and identifying new compounds from the plant extracts

• multi component analysis (MCA) of plant extracts

__________

• concerned with the scientific study of disease

• one of the foundations of medical science and practice.

• encompasses all aspects of disease, including knowledge of the causes and effects of disease, and the organism’s response to disease

Pathology

Pathology

• concerned with the ______________

• one of the foundations of medical science and practice.

• encompasses all aspects of disease, including knowledge of the causes and effects of disease, and the organism’s response to disease

scientific study of disease

Pathology

• However, even with new tools and insights, this research takes ___________ and, too often, leads to frustrating dead ends. And even if the research is successful, it will take many more years of work to turn this basic understanding of what causes a disease into a new treatment.

many years of work

Modes of Studying Disease

• Cell cultures

• Cross-species studies

• Bioinformatics

• Biomarkers

• Proteomics

________: By growing both diseased and healthy cells in cell cultures, researchers can study processes and differences in cellular processes and protein expression

Cell cultures

___________: Genes and proteins found in humans may also be found in other species. The functions of many human genes have been revealed by studying parallel genes in other organisms.

Cross-species studies

__________: The scientific community generates huge volumes of biological data daily. Bioinformatics helps organize that data to form a clearer picture of the activity of normal and diseased cells.

Bioinformatics

____________: These are substances, often be proteins, that can used for measuring a biological function, identifying a disease process, or determining responses to a therapy. They also can be used for diagnosis, for prognosis, and for guiding treatment

Biomarkers

_________: is the prognosis, and for guiding study of protein activity within a given cell, tissue or organism. Changes in protein activity can shed light on the disease process and the impact of medicines under study

Proteomics

Proteomics:

• Proteomics is the prognosis, and for guiding ________________ within a given cell, tissue or organism. Changes in protein activity can shed light on the disease process and the impact of medicines under study

study of protein activity

Biomarkers: These are substances, often be ________, that can used for measuring a biological function, identifying a disease process, or determining responses to a therapy. They also can be used for diagnosis, for prognosis, and for guiding treatment

proteins

Biomarkers: These are substances, often be proteins, that can used for measuring a biological function, identifying a disease process, or determining responses to a therapy. They also can be used for _____, for ______, and for ______________

diagnosis, for prognosis, and for guiding treatment

Bioinformatics: The scientific community generates huge volumes of biological data daily. Bioinformatics helps _________ to form a clearer picture of the activity of normal and diseased cells.

organize that data

Cross-species studies: Genes and proteins found in humans may also be found in other species. The functions of many human genes have been revealed by ________________ in other organisms.

studying parallel genes

Cell cultures: By ____________________ in cell cultures, researchers can study processes and differences in cellular processes and protein expression

growing both diseased and healthy cells

Cell cultures: By growing both diseased and healthy cells in cell cultures, researchers can study processes and ________________________.

differences in cellular processes and protein expression