Animal Science 101 Exam 2

What is the top dairy producing state?

California

What is the top beef producing state?

Texas

What is the top egg producing state?

Iowa

What is the top poultry producing state?

Georgia

What is the top swine producing state?

Iowa

What is the top meat goat producing state?

Texas

What is the top dairy goat producing state?

Wisconsin

What is the top lamb producing state?

Texas

Extrinsic factors include?

Geographical location, environmental conditions, and economical resources

Intrinsic factors include?

Species, breed, feed availability, and animal physiological needs

Why is a high level of nutrition required for intensive animal production?

they are producing a lot and will need more nutrition to keep up

What is an organic product?

Grown and processed following a set of regulations which include using only approved pest-control methods. Substances not allowed include synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics, synthetic growth hormones, and artificial preservatives, flavors, or colors 

What is supply?

Total amount of good/service available to consumers

What is demand?

Quantity of a good/service that consumers will purchase

What is price?

Amount of money that has to be paid to acquire a good/service.

What is competition?

When many sellers produce the good/service that buyers are seeking

What does MPR stand for?

 

Mandatory Price Reporting

How many weeks after kidding is peak lactation?

4-6

What does break even mean?

total revenue generated is equivalent to the total cash expenditure incurred 

What will the global population be by 2050?

9.8 billion

What does CWT mean?

hundred weight (100 lbs.)

What are the two primary costs associated with animal production?

feed and labor

If disease x wipes out the lamb population, what happens to the price?

When there are less sellable lambs on the market, price will go up. As supply goes down, price will go up.  

What is a terminal sire?

Lambs born from sire will enter food system rather than as replacement  

Suffolk

market lambs, black faces, moderately prolific, good milking ability, good growth and carcass cutability, medium-low wool quality fleeces 

Hampshire (sheep)

black faces, wool on the legs, moderately prolific, good milking ability, good growth and carcass cutability, medium wool quality fleeces 

Dorset

Medium sized breed, White face, and wool on the legs, prolific (reproduction), Heavy milkers, and good carcasses, Medium wool quality fleeces 

Polypay

Small breed, extreme hardiness (adapted to northern climates), Medium sized, white faces, prolific, easy lambers, good milking ability, lambs with good growth and carcass, Most appropriate for high potential feed producing areas

Columbia

Dual purpose (meat/wool), Developed in USA, very good for range conditions  

Katahdin 

Hair sheep, Meat animal, Great lamb vigor, Mothering ability, No shearing 

What does flushing do in sheep?

Increasing the plane of nutrition (high energy) for ewes (“flushing”) 2-4 weeks prior to the start of the breeding season can improve: Ovulation rate, Lamb crop, Overall fertility  

What is male reproductive management for sheep?

Breeding soundness evaluation, BCS, structural evaluation (feet, legs), Health, Reproductive evaluation (Semen, testicles, spermatic cord), Harness 

What is female reproductive management in sheep?

Assessment of BCS (body condition score) and structural evaluation, Vaccinations, Hoof trimming, Branding (ID), Health evaluation  

Why does body condition score go down after lambing?

they are using more energy for lactation

Spanish meat goats

Very hardy and require a minimum of management and labor, Polyestrous, This allows for year-round kidding and yearling meat production 

Boer goat

South Africa, Polyestrous, Does are known to rebreed while still nursing, goat

Saanen goat

Heavy milk producers and usually yield 3-4% milk fat, producing large quantities of milk, sturdiness, vitality, ease of management, herd compatibility, a mellow eager to please temperament, goat

Nubian goat

Developed in England. They are known for high quality, high butterfat milk production, All-purpose goat, useful for meat, milk and hide production, Possible to produce milk year-round, Good breed for hot conditions 

Toggenburg goat

Dairy goat, Light fawn to dark chocolate, this breed is small to medium in size, sturdy, vigorous, and alert in appearance 

La Mancha

USA developed with origins in Spain, Vary greatly in size, docile, even temperament and steady production of milk of high fat content, Any color or combination is acceptable goat

Oberhasli goat

Swiss breed, Medium size, vigorous and alert appearance, milk goat  

Why do we naval did with 7% iodine?

to disinfect and promote healing

Do goats or cattle have longer lactation periods?

cattle

How many hogs and pigs in the US?

~74 million

How long is the gestation period in pigs?

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

Farrow to finish

raise hogs from birth to slaughter weight, about 240-270 lbs.  

Farrow to wean

raise pigs from birth to about 10-20 lbs., then generally sell them for finishing 

Feeder pigs

raise pigs from birth to 10-60 llbs, sell them for finishing to market weight 

Feeder pig finishers

buy feeder pigs and grow them to market weight

Breeding stock

raises stockbreeding (purebred) sows and boars 

Organic operation

follows NOP regulations

Maternal Pig Breeds

American landrace, Yorkshire, and Chester white

Growth and Carcass Pig Breeds

Berkshire, Spots, Hampshire, Duroc, Poland China, and Pietrain 

Pigs age at puberty

<170 days

Pig conception rate

>85%

Pig number born alive

>10.2

Pig non-productive sow days

<35 days

Pig litter/year

2.4

Pigs/sow/year

>25

Sow lifetime productivity

~4.5 years

What is the best way to synchronize estus in sows?

weaning triggers estrus 3-7 days after

What is the idea BCS in pigs?

3-3.5

What kind of diet do nursery/feeder pigs need?

high protein

What kind of diet do grower/finishing pigs need?

High energy (carbohydrates)

When do pigs shift from high protein to high energy diets?

~63 days

Weaning/Nursery pig weight?

10-15 lbs.

Finishing pig weight?

240-270 lbs.

Feeder pig weight?

40-60 lbs.

Zoo Keeper

Has changed drastically over the years. Used to be a janitorial job, now it is not uncommon for them to have advanced degrees,

What is the average dairy herd size in the United States?

1,000-5,000

Voluntary waiting period

the time after calving when a producer elects to not inseminate a cow.

Peak lactation

the point in time when lactation output is the greatest. Nutritional/energy demands are also the greatest. 

Fresh cow

a cow that has recently given birth and returned to the lactating state.

Dry cow

a pregnant, non-lactating cow. 

What is the standard lactation period in dairy cattle?

305 days

What states produce more than 50% of the U.S. milk?

California, Wisconsin, Texas, Idaho, and New York

Dairy Cattle Production System: Conventional

an operation in which the majority of forage consumed is not harvested by cows.

Dairy Cattle Production System: Grazing

an operation in which the majority of forage consumed is harvested by cows during the growing season (New Zealand and other countries) 

Dairy Cattle Production System: Combination

an operation that uses both conventional and grazing practices. 

Holstein Friesian

The highest milk productions in the world, weights about 1500 pounds and stand 58 inches tall at the shoulder, a healthy calf weighs 90 pounds or more at birth and, heifers can be breed between 12-15 months of age, when they weigh about 800 pounds 

Jersey

Produces a pound of milk components at a lower cost compared to the other major breeds, has greater nutritional value, plus the highest yield and greater efficiency when processes into cheese and other value-added products, hard black feet are much less prone to lameness and is relatively small in size-about 900 to 1000 pounds in weight and have fine but strong frame 

Ayrshire

Medium sized cattle and weigh approximately over 120 pounds at maturity, they are known for low somatic cell counts, ability to convert grass into milk efficiently, and hardiness, most appropriate for a grazing system 

Brown Swiss

Light brown in color with a creamy white muzzle and dark nose, this breed has a double utility as they are used for dairy and beef purposes providing good milk and meat output, close protein/fat ratio, the closest of any dairy breed and, quiet temperament 

Guernsey

Weights 1000-1200 pounds, known for producing high-butterfat, high-protein milk with a high concentration of beta-carotene (golden-yellow tinge) 

Milking Shorthorn

Either red, red and white, white, or roan, they are moderately framed at about 142 cm and 635-990 kg and have comparatively small calves that are vigorous at birth and easy to raise, dual purpose 

When is the start of the lactation cycle?

calving/parturition

How long is gestation in cattle?

9 months (265-280 days)

When is the dry period?

during pregnancy, ~60 days before due date

Why is BCS in dairy cattle important?

we need to make sure we are feeding them adequately

Why has production per cow increased?

genomic selection, nutritional management, and general management of cattle

How much blood has to pump through the udder to produce one gallon of milk?

~500 gallons

Alveoli

the fundamental milk-producing units in the mammary gland of dairy cattle, playing a crucial role in the synthesis and storage of milk.

Prolactin

The continuous production of milk (lactation or galactopoieses)

Oxytocin

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction and milk let down

What is milk primarily composed of?

water (87%)

What is the major carbohydrate in milk?

lactose

what is the major protein in milk?

casein

Why do calves have to fed colostrum after birth?

to allow for passive transfer of immunity.

Pregnancy rate

the number of cows that became pregnant divided by the number of cows eligible to get pregnant over a 21-day period.

Conception rate

the percentage of cows that conceive divided by the number of cows bred.