English culture Q1 (31,32,33) Cartes | Quizlet

nipped ( to nip sth) in the bud ( flower before it opens )

stopped before it develops into something

Budding

showing promise of future development (she's a budding young actor)

to prune back

cut/limit

to be reaping the rewards of

to be getting results from

shrivel

to become less

wilt

lose energy

pouch

small bag, kangaroo's skin fold for baby

depleting ressources

resources that are reducing

waste disposal

Getting rid of waste

precious commodity

very valuable substance

pristine environment

perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt area

green credentials

reputation for positive support of the environment and for making policies that reflect this

sustainable development

development of industry, etc. which does not damage the environment or social and economic stability, and which can continue over a period of time

renewable energy

energy produced using sun, wind or crops rather than coal or other fuels which cannot be replaced once used

( A business) branching out into new directions

to begin to do more different kinds of activities or work

to weed out

to get rid of

have dug up ( to dig up )

have discovered

to germinate

to begin to develop

have been sprouting up ( to sprout up )

have been appearing quickly in large numbers

to flourish

to do veery well

the green shoot ( of recovery) ( of econimic recovery )

first sign of an improvement or recovery ( in an economy that is performing badly )

to shed ( employees, jobs, worries, inhibitions, weight)

to lose

to thrive ( on stress / to be thriving)

grow/develop well and successfully

plants fade, wither, shrivel and wilt

when they die ( faner )

to fade ( hope )

to become smaller

A glance/look/remark can wither or be Withering

make the recipient feel scorned

fierce

behaves aggressively

animal ( rescue) shelter

place where stray dogs, cats, etc pets that have lost their home, are given food and a place to live

the ivory trade

the buying and selling of ivory from elephants' tusks

animal rights activists

people who actively campaign for the protection and rights of animals

carbon ( dioxyde) emissions

carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc

greenhouse effect

warming of the earth's surface caused by pollution, where gases trap and redirect heat back down to the earth's surface

exerts severe pressure on

puts great pressure on; formal

finite resources

limited resources that will eventually run out / be exhausted

ecological balance

balance of natural relationships in the environment

demographic projections

forecasts about the population

to grow exponentially

grow extremely rapidly

Water security

ability to ensure that a population has safe drinking water

Prophets of doom and gloom

people who always make the most depressing or pessimistic predictions about the future

putting down (some) roots

settling down and making your home in one place

take roots

When an idea becomes known or accepted

deeply, firmly rooted

(it's origins are firmly/deeply rooted in the 19th century)

collocations, the origin can be traced back to a long time ago

to stem ( from )

something originates in something else

branch ( of a shop)

something that grows off or branches out from a main organisation. ( our Oxford street branche. )

Reaping what we sowed

experiencing the logical results of our actions - usually used in negative contexts

mammal

animal that gives birth to live babies, not eggs, and feeds them on its own milk ( e.g. cat, cow, kangaroo)

marsupial

kin of mammal, its young grow in a pouch in front of the mother

rodent

a type of small mammal with sharp front teet ( mouse, rat,... )

reptile

scaly cold-blooded animal ( snake, lizard,...)

Carnivore

animal that eats a diet that is mainly or exclusively meat ( e.g. lion, tiger, hyena)

Herbivore

animal that eats a diet that is mainly or exclusively grass/vegetation ( e.g. deer, cow

predator

animal that hunts/ eats other animals (e.g. eagle, lion, shark )

scavenger

animal that feeds on dead animals which it has not killed itself

warm/cold-blooded

warm-blooded animals (e.g. mammals) have temperatures that stay the same; cold-blooded animals (e.g. reptiles) have to control their temperature by taking in heat from outside or by being very active

docile

that behaves very gently

tame

not afraid of humans, usually because of training or long involvement with humans

domesticated

live with or are used by humans

wild

opposite of domesticated

savage

extremely violent or wild

natural habitat

preferred natural place for living and breeding

to migrate/ migration

when animals travel long distances to get to a different habitat

the dodo

large flightless bird now extinct

A dodo is now used to mean someone or something out of touch or obsolete.

to become extinct

to die out

game reserves/game parks

areas of land where animals are protected form hunting, etc.; game can be used to mean animals or birds that are hunted

bird sanctuary

protected natural area where birds can live and breed

stray

animal whithout home or lost

blood sports

sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals

the fur trade

the selling of animal furs for coats, jackets, etc.

poachers

people who hunt animals illegally

horn

hard, pointed, often curved, part growing from the head of an animal

shrinking habitats

places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size

Biodiversity

variety of different types of biological species

endangered species

types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer existing

climate change sceptics

people who do not believe that climate change is a serious issue

global warming

steady rise in average world temperatures

polar ice

permanent sea ice found in the arctic and antarctic

rising sea levels

increase in the level of the world's oceans due to the effects of global warming

climatic changes

changes in the climate

fossil fuels

coal, oil, etc.

uncontrolled deforestation

unrestricted destruction/clearing of forests

toxic waste

poisonous waste materials

contaminating

poisoning (something)

the worst-case scenarios

the worst possibilities for the future

damage

detrimental effect, harm

grassroots supporters

the ordinary people of an organisation or society

game

animals or birds that are hunted