CJ Test 3

Positivism

Science used to study crime

Phrenology

Skull shape = behavior (wrong)

Atavism

Criminals are evolutionary throwbacks

Somatotypes

Body type linked to crime

Hormones

Testosterone linked to aggression

Freud

Id (impulse), Ego (balance), Superego (morals)

Kohlberg

Moral stages; not everyone reaches highest

IQ

Low IQ slightly linked to crime (weak)

Personality

Impulsive, aggressive = more crime

Social Disorganization

Bad neighborhoods → more crime

Concentric Zones

City layout affects crime

Anomie

Goals ≠ means

Merton 5

Conform, Innovate, Ritual, Retreat, Rebel

GST

Stress → negative emotions → crime

Institutional Anomie

Money focus → more crime

Status Frustration

Fail school → crime

Focal Concerns

Toughness, excitement, trouble

Differential Opportunity

Access to crime varies

Subculture of Violence

Violence is accepted

Code of the Street

Respect rules in streets

Differential Association

Learn crime from others

Definitions

More pro-crime ideas = crime

Differential Identification

Copy people you admire

Social Learning

Watch + copy behavior

Differential Reinforcement

Rewards = repeat behavior

Containment

Controls prevent crime

Inner Control

Self-control

Outer Control

Family, school

Neutralization

Excuses for crime

Denial Responsibility

Not my fault

Denial Injury

No harm done

Denial Victim

They deserved it

Condemn Others

Blame authority

Higher Loyalty

Did it for others

Drift

In and out of crime

Social Bond

Strong ties = less crime

Attachment

Close relationships

Commitment

Goals matter

Involvement

Busy = less crime

Belief

Follow rules

Self-Control

Low control = crime

Control-Balance

Too much/little control = crime

Life Course

Crime changes with age

Labeling

The label shapes behavior

Primary Deviance

First act

Secondary Deviance

After label

Stigma

Negative label sticks

Self-Fulfilling

Label becomes true

Conflict Theory

Powerful make laws

Marx

Class conflict causes crime

Weber

Power + structure matter

Radical

Class struggle

Feminist

Gender inequality + crime

Left Realism

Focus on victims + real solutions

Peacemaking

Reduce harm, promote peace