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Positivism
Science used to study crime
Phrenology
Skull shape = behavior (wrong)
Atavism
Criminals are evolutionary throwbacks
Somatotypes
Body type linked to crime
Hormones
Testosterone linked to aggression
Freud
Id (impulse), Ego (balance), Superego (morals)
Kohlberg
Moral stages; not everyone reaches highest
IQ
Low IQ slightly linked to crime (weak)
Personality
Impulsive, aggressive = more crime
Social Disorganization
Bad neighborhoods → more crime
Concentric Zones
City layout affects crime
Anomie
Goals ≠ means
Merton 5
Conform, Innovate, Ritual, Retreat, Rebel
GST
Stress → negative emotions → crime
Institutional Anomie
Money focus → more crime
Status Frustration
Fail school → crime
Focal Concerns
Toughness, excitement, trouble
Differential Opportunity
Access to crime varies
Subculture of Violence
Violence is accepted
Code of the Street
Respect rules in streets
Differential Association
Learn crime from others
Definitions
More pro-crime ideas = crime
Differential Identification
Copy people you admire
Social Learning
Watch + copy behavior
Differential Reinforcement
Rewards = repeat behavior
Containment
Controls prevent crime
Inner Control
Self-control
Outer Control
Family, school
Neutralization
Excuses for crime
Denial Responsibility
Not my fault
Denial Injury
No harm done
Denial Victim
They deserved it
Condemn Others
Blame authority
Higher Loyalty
Did it for others
Drift
In and out of crime
Social Bond
Strong ties = less crime
Attachment
Close relationships
Commitment
Goals matter
Involvement
Busy = less crime
Belief
Follow rules
Self-Control
Low control = crime
Control-Balance
Too much/little control = crime
Life Course
Crime changes with age
Labeling
The label shapes behavior
Primary Deviance
First act
Secondary Deviance
After label
Stigma
Negative label sticks
Self-Fulfilling
Label becomes true
Conflict Theory
Powerful make laws
Marx
Class conflict causes crime
Weber
Power + structure matter
Radical
Class struggle
Feminist
Gender inequality + crime
Left Realism
Focus on victims + real solutions
Peacemaking
Reduce harm, promote peace