chapter 6

what are the 4 main typed of tissue that makes up every organ and body system?

epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

what is one of the largest body systems?

the integument

what are the functions of the integument system?

Protect underlying structures
• Prevent dehydration
• Prevent infection
• Thermoregulation
• Excretion of water, salts and waste
• Sensory organ
• Vitamin D synthesis

what are the three layers that make up skin?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what separated the dermis from the epidermis

basement membrane

the basement membrane is wavy and that creates

dermal papillae

what is the importance of dermal papillae

Prevent layers of skin from separating
and sliding around relative to each
other

what kind of epithelium is the EPIDERMIS composed of?

keratinized stratified squamous

is the epidermis waterproof?

YES

is the epidermis vascular or avascular

avascular

in the epidermis the superficial later is...

dead

what is the larger later of skin?

dermis

what is the dermis made up of?

irregular dense connective tissue

what are of the skin contains the blood supply?

dermis

what is the hypodermis made up of

adipose connective tissue

the subcutaneous layer is the...

hypodermis

what cells are found in the epidermis

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, Langerhans

what are the skin cells of the epidermis called

keratinocytes

what are the pigment cells of the epidermis called

melanocytes

what are the sensory cells of the epidermis called

merkel cells

what are the macrophages of the epidermis called

langerhans cells

where do keratinocytes multiply along?

the basement membrane

what happens when a cell undergoes keratinization

they lose organelles and become dead sheets of keratin

what is the pigment that melanocytes produce called

melanin

where are melanocytes stored?

melanosomes

what is the function of melanocytes

produce pigment to protect against ultraviolet damage

where are melanocytes found?

near the basement membrane

where fo merkel cells exist

dermal and epidermal junction

how do merkel cells transmit sensory information

interact with nearby neurons in the dermis

what are the macrophages SPECIFIC to the epidermis called

Langerhans cells

where do Langerhans cells originate from

bone marrow

what is the function of Langerhans cells

Provide immune system
protection via phagocytosis

In the epidermis, what is the stratum germinativum

the basement membrane of a single row of dividing keratinocytes

what is the stratum germinativum also called

basale

in the epidermis, what is the stratum spinosum

langerhans cells

in the epidermis, what is the stratum granulosum

cells transitioning

in epidermis, what is the strartum corneum

thickest later if cornified cells

where can the dermis be found

• Hair follicles
• Nerve endings
• Glands
• Smooth muscle
• Blood vessels
• Lymph vessels

what are the two layers that the dermis is made up of?

papillary dermis and Reticular dermis

what is the papillary dermis made up of?

loose connective tissue

what forms the dermal papillae

papillary dermis

which layer in the dermis has sensory cells?

papillary dermis

what is the reticular dermis made up of

dense irregular issue

what forms tension lines within the skin

reticular dermis

which layer of the dermis is the strongest support layer

reticular dermis

what is the hypodermis made up of

loose areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, Pacinian corpuscle

what is the Pacinian corpuscle

sensory input for pressure

the hypodermis allows the dermis to...

move freely over underlying structures

what is the hormone that stimulates the Melanocytes

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

in response to MSH, the melanocytes move granules away from what?

the nucleus

in pawpads, the dermis and hypodermis are made up of...

thick layer of adipose and connective tissue

becaus of the makup of the dermis and hypodermis in paw pads, they are padded for...

weight bearing and temperature insulation

in paw pads, the stratum corneum has what?

conical papillae

what is conical papillae?

finger like projections

what is the toughest skin in the paw pads?

stratum corneum

what gland does paw pads have

sweat glands

in the planum nasale, is the degree a wetness a good health indicator?

NO

what is the planum nasale missing

stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum

does the planum nasale have a thicker or thinner stratum corneum

thicker

does the planum nasale have glands

no

the planum nasale refers to (cats and dogs) or (large animals)

cats and dogs

the planum nasolabiale refers to (dogs and cats) or (large animals)

large animals

where can a chestnut on a horse be found?

medial aspect of both carpi & tarsi

where can an ergot be found in a horse

over caudal fetlock

chestnuts and ergots are ONLY found in what kinds of animals?

horses

where are cutaneous pouches found?

ONLY OVINE

what do the cutaneous pouches contain?

glands

what are the three locations of cutaneous pouched?

• Infraorbital
• Interdigital
• Inguinal pouches

what is the purpose of hair

thermoregulation and camouflage

how does hair help with thermoregulation

• Traps air near skin
• Dark pigmentation absorbs heat

The hair shaft is above or below the epidermis?

above the epidermis

where is the rroot of the hair located?

in the skin

where is the follicle of the hair loacted?

in an invagination in the skin

what are the three layers of a hair follicle?

Internal sheath, external sheath, dermal
sheath

what is the bulb of the hair

The widened area at the base of the hair

what is the matrix of the hair

rapidly dividing epithelial cells

where are the older cells in the matrix pushed through the follicle

upwards

where is the hair papilla

dermal layer

does the hair papilla have a blood supply

yes

what is the innervation of the hair

root hair plexus

what is the medulla of the hair

softer keratinized cells

what is the cortex of the hair

hardened keratinized cells

what is the cuticle of the hair

a single layer of cells originating from he dermal papilla

is is the anagen phase of a hair

active growth

what is the telophase of hair

resting phase

what is the catagen phase of hair

period of transition between anagen and telogen

in hair pigmentation, where are the melanocytes located?

at the base of the hair follicle

in hair pigmentation, the melanin is produced and then transferred to the cells of the _________ and __________

cortex and medulla

pheomelanin produced what hair pigmentation

red

tyrosine melanin produced what hair pigmentation

brown/black

what happens to melanin production as an animal ages/

it slows down

in white airs there (is or is not) melanin and the medulla is (empty or full)

is not, empty

what are primary hairs?

Guard hairs

are guard hairs thin or thick

thick

are guard hairs long or short

long

are guard hairs wavy or straight

straight

what are secondary hairs

wool-type

are wool type hairs soft or course

soft

are secondary hairs short or long

short

are secondary hairs straight or wavy

wavy