chapter 10 lecture test guide

What is the main function of blood?

Transport media for:

Nutrients

Wastes

Hormones

Body heat

Describe the composition of blood

1: Erythrocytes

2: Buffy coat

3: Plasma

Define hemacrit

Hemacrit is the percentage of whole blood consisting of erythrocytes

What percent of blood is plasma?

55%

What is the normal pH range of arterial blood? Temperature?

pH: between 7.35 and 7.45

Temperature: 100.4*F

How many liters of blood found in an average person?

5-6 liters

Describe the composition of plasma proteins

Albumin- regulates osmotic pressure

Clotting proteins- help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

Antibodies- help protect the body from pathogens

What organ makes most of the plasma proteins

Liver

Name the 3 main categories of plasma proteins and state the general function of each

Albumin- regulates osmotic pressure

Clotting proteins- help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

Antibodies- help protect the body from pathogens

What is the difference between serum and plasma

Plasma is composed of approximately 90% water

Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins

Name the formed elements

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Basophils

Describe the structure of an erythrocyte

1: Biconcave disks

2: Essentially bags of hemoglobin

3: Anucleate (no nucleus)

4: contain very few organelles

How many erythrocytes are in ul of blood

5 million

Describe the structure of a hemoglobin. What is the function.

1: Each Hb molecule has 4 O2 binding sites

2: Each erythrocytes has about 250 million Hb molecules

Function- binds strongly, but reversibly, to O2

How many O2 can be transported by each hemoglobin

4 O2

What is the function of RBCs

To carry O2

What is the general function of leukocytes

Defend the body against disease

What is the typical WBC count

4,800 to 10,800 WBCs per mm³ of blood

What is the difference between granular and arangular WBCs

Granular includes:

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Agranular includes:

lymphocytes

Monocytes

List the WBCs from most abundant to least abundant. Give the percent of circulating WBC for all

Neutrophils- 40-70%

Lymphocytes- 20-45%

Monocytes- 4-8%

Eosinophils- 1-4%

Basophils- 0-1%

Name each leukocyte and its function

Granulocytes- granules in their cytoplasm can be stained

Agranulocytes- lack visible cytoplasmic granules

What cells make platelets

Megakaryocytes

What is the function of platelets

Needed for hemostasis

What is the normal platelet count?

150,000 to 400,000 per mm³ of blood

What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?

The process of blood cell formation

Occurs in red bone marrow

What is the difference between lymphoid and myeloid stem cells?

Lymphoid- produces lymphocytes

Myeloid- produce all other formed elements

What is the life span of a RBC

100-120 days

What organs remove old or damaged RBCs

Spleen

Liver

What is the stimulus for RBC production? What hormone is involved? What organ secretes that hormone

1: low blood O2

2: erythrocytes

3: kidneys

Define hemostasis. Name the three phases

Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break/ injury in a blood vessel

1: vascular spasms

2:platelet plug formation

3: coagulation ( blood clotting)

Describe what occurs during vascular spasm of hemostasis

1- occurs immediately if a vessel is cut or broken

2- smooth muscle contracts causing spasm

3- spasm narrows the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

Deceive what occurs during platelet plug formation

1- collagen fibers are exposed by injury to vessel

2- platelets become “sticky”, cling to collagen fibers

3- anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets

4- platelets like up to form platelet plug (white thrombus)

What occurs during blood coagulation

-tissue and blood clotting factors lead to formation of thrombin (enzyme)

• thrombin joins fibrinogen molecules into strands of insoluble fibrin

• Fibrinogen forms a mesh work that traps BCCs and platelets

• Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts

How long does it normally take for a blood clot to form

3-6 minutes

What are two main blood group antigens

Antigens: agglutinogens

Antibodies

List the 4 ABO blood types and state the antigen that is present on the RBC membrane and the antibody present in the plasma

Type A- Anti B

Type B- Anti A

Type AB- none

Type O- Anti A and Anti B

What are the Rh blood grouped? What antigen is involved

Rh negative Rh positive

Antigen D

Does the body of person who is Rh negative normally produce anti Rh antibodies

No unless exposed to Rh positive blood

How does someone become sensitized to the Rh factor

A person with Rh negative blood received a transfusion of Rh- positive blood

What is erythroblastosis fetalis? When can it occur? What can the doctor give to prevent a Rh negative mother from developing anti- Rh antibodies

1- a condition where an Rh negative mothers antibodies attack her Rh positive baby’s red blood cells

2- occurs in a second or subsequent Rh positive pregnancy after the mothers body has already developed antibodies in a previous preganacy

3- a doctor can administer an injection of anti Rh antibodies commonly known as RhoGam to the mothers body has around 28 weeks of pregnancy and again after birth if the baby is Rh positive

A technician is typing blood and get a positive agglutination reaction with anti B antibodies and negative agglutination reactions with anti A and anti Rh antibodies. What is the patients blood type

B negative