Structures of memory

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12 Terms

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Memory

Refers to the mental processes of encoding, storing and retrieving information.

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Encoding

Is the process of putting sensory information into a form which can be used and stored in memory. This can be visual, acoustic, or semantic.

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Storage

Is the process of holding onto that information over time.

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Retrieval

Is the process of getting information out of memory storage in order to use it.

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Three types of memory

  • Short-term

  • Long-term

  • Sensory

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Sensory memory

The shortest form of memory. It holds information from the senses for just a few seconds until it is processed further.

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Short-term memory

Also referred to as working memory, retains information for about 18-20 seconds but can hold only 5-9 items comfortably.

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Long-term memory

Long-term memory is a more permanent memory storage system with an essentially unlimited capacity.

Information in long-term memory can be further divided into declarative or explicit memory and non-declarative or implicit memory

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Declarative memory

Refers to information that we can consciously remember and describe, such as facts and events. It is further divided into episodic and semantic memory.

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Episodic memory

Stores information about personal experiences or specific events in time.

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Semantic memory

Saves general knowledge or facts, such as the meanings of words or capital cities. 

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Non-declarative memory

Also known as procedural memory, represents our memory for actions and skills that we can perform without conscious thought, such as riding a bike.