"tHiS cOuLd Be On BoArDs"

radiolucent

more crystals are exposed, less dense, black

radiopaque

no crystals are exposed, more dense, white

latent image to visible image

chemical reaction takes place, latent image is immersed in chemicals, energized silver halide crystals are removed (reduction)

selective reduction into black metallic silver

what does the fixer solution do?

removes unexposed silver halide crystals

what are developing agents?

chemical solutions used to convert a latent image on xray film to a visible image

hydroquinone and elon

what prevents oxidation?

antioxidants, sodium

accelerator

sodium carbonate

restrainer

potassium bromide

fixing agent

clearing agent

-sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate

-removes all unexposed or underdeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion

preservation

sodium sulfite

hardening agent

harden and shrink the gelatin

potassium alum

acidifier

neutralizes the alkaline developer

acetic acid

thermometer

used for the developer

optimum temperature is 68-70 degrees

film hangers

hold films

keeps films clean and dry

unexposed receptor

film appears clear

digital appears white

film exposed to light

film appears black

overexposed receptor

film and digital appears dark or high in density

excess time, kilovoltage, or milliamperage

underexposed receptor

film or digital appears light or low in density

inadequate time, kilovoltage, or milliamperage

absence of apical structures

receptor not positioned to cover apical region of teeth

bite block not placed on the teeth being exposed

dropped receptor corner

edge of receptor not placed parallel to occlusal plane

bite firmly on bite block

overlapped contacts

contacts are overlapped

central ray not directly through the interproximal spaces

foreshortened images

teeth appear short with blunted roots

caused by too steep vertical angulation

elongated images

teeth appear long and distorted

vertical angulation too flat

cone cut with beam alignment device (PA)

clear or white unexposed area

PID was not properly aligned with the beam alignment device

cone cut without beam alignment device (PA)

bisecting technique when a beam alignment device is not used

a clear or white unexposed area

PID was not directed at the center of the receptor

make sure PID is directed over the center of the receptor

incorrect placement of premolar bite wing

distal surfaces of the canine are not visible of the image

receptor too far back

make sure anterior edge of receptor is at the midline of the mandibular canine

incorrect placement of molar bite wing

third molar regions not visible on the image

receptor too far forward

make sure anterior edge of the receptor is at the midline of the mandibular second premolar

center the molar bite wing over the mandibular second molar

distorted image

incorrect vertical angulation

vertical angle was negative

use +10 degree angle when using bite tab

cone cut with beam alignment device (BWX)

clear or white rounded unexposed area

PID was not properly aligned with the beam alignment device

cone cut without beam alignment device

clear or white rounded unexposed area

PID was not directed at the center of the receptor

make sure PID is directed over the center of the receptor

bending

occurs with paralleling, bisecting, or BWX

appears stretched

because of curvature of patients hard palate or rough excessive handling

creasing

occurs with paralleling, bisecting, or BWX

thin radiolucent line with film

thin white line with PSP digital receptor

do not over manipulate the receptor

debris accumulation

take care to keep sensor clean

correct infection control procedures followed

phalangioma

patient holds the receptor

image of the finger

double image

image appears dark with superimposed structures

always separate exposed and unexposed receptors

blurred image

movement of tubehead, receptor, or patient

stabilize patients head with headrest and instruct to keep still

reversed

with film: light image with herringbone pattern

with sensor: no image produced

with PSP digital plate it is difficult to identify

always place the receptor with the proper side towards the tubehead

receptor placement

absence of apical root structure

dropped receptor corner

tomography

imaging technique that allows the imaging of one layer, or section, of the body while blurring the images of structures in other planes

conforms to shape of dental arch

image receptor and tubehead rotate in opposite direction around center or rotation

focal trough

the layers of the dental arch that remain in focus

teeth are positioned into the focal trough

objects inside focal trough are clear

real image

true image to size and shape

ghost image

an artifact on a dental image produced when a radiodense object is penetrated twice by the x-ray beam; radiopaque

double image (PAN)

has the same proportions as the real image and is located in the same location on the opposite side

which collimator do you use on PAN?

vertical slit collimator

equipment for panoramic

-x-ray tubehead

-head positioner

-exposure controls

-exposure switch

-vertical slit collimator

what does the vertical slit collimator do?

restricts radiation

green light

rare earth

blue light

calcium tungstate

intensifying screen

increases the intensity of radiation on the film

film is placed between two intensifying screens

cassette

holds the films

calcium tungstate

emit blue light

paired with blue film

rare earth

emit green light

recommended in panoramic

paired with green film

static electricity

caused by removing film from box or cassette too quickly, creating static discharge

complete denture

waters projection

shows maxillary sinuses

xray beam directed from behind head

clark's rule or buccal object rule

requires 2 radiographs

all factors remain the same for the second exposure except that tube is shifted 20 degrees mesially/distally

-the buccal object will appear to have moved in the opposite direction from tube shift

-the lingual object will appear to have moved in the same direction from tube shift

SLOB

same lingual, opposite buccal

arrested

carious lesion that has not progressed, hard surface with a dark color

primary

occurs on a surface that has not been previously affected

rampant

widespread lesions that start off as chalky white and may increase in size over a short period of time, they include several teeth and often multiple areas of one tooth

incipient

very early lesion that has not broken through the enamel surface, does not have to be restored right away

recurrent

occur on surface adjacent to a restoration, a continuation of the original lesion

sharps container

-warning label

-closed

-durable

-no leakage

when recapping you must use ---- method

scooping method

how much epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis?

1:1000 = 1mg/ml

mydriasis

dilation of the pupil from excess sympathetic drug actions

how old are patients when their 3rd molars are developed?

in utero

atrial fibrillation

occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall

periogard and peridex

chlorhexidine gluconate

.12 concentration with 15% alcohol

ADA seal

what is the mechanism of action for periogard/peridex?

bactericidal (kills bacteria)

most substantive mouthrinse (continues to be active)

no overgrowth of opportunistic organisms (candida)

broad spectrum non specific action

endosseous

placed within alveolar bone

based on concept of osseointegration

consists of 3 parts: fixture, abutment, prosthesis

most effective

subperiosteal

rests directly on bone under soft tissue

transosteal

horizontal support soft tissue

used for patients with atrophic mandible

bone grafting

implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

needed when proposed implant site lacks adequate amount and quality of bone

autograft

bone from yourself

allograft

bone from cadaver

xenograft

bone from animal (cow, pig)

alloplast

synthetic bone-like material

what is used to fill root canals?

gutta percha (zinc oxide)

silver point

radiopaque

what do you NOT use prior to composite placement?

ZOE

place a protective layer of ---- on the pulpal wall

calcium hydroxide

MOD amalgam

overhang

overhang

PINS

prior to composite filling

decay

gold crown

porcelain crown

gold crown with post

calculus

crown prep

porcelain fused to metal radiograph

porcelain fused to metal image

cubic zirconium

symmetrical

stainless steel crown

on primary tooth

cheaper

stainless steel space maintainer

composite

full gold crown with pins

all porcelain crown

veneer