Chapter 14- Cellular Respiration

oxidation

Loss of electrons during a chemical reaction.

glycolysis

First step of cellular respiration, breaks down glucose.

reduction

Gain of electrons during a chemical reaction.

aerobic

Process requiring oxygen for cellular respiration.

matrix

Innermost compartment of mitochondria, site of reactions.

anaerobic

Process occurring without oxygen, less efficient.

chemiosmosis

Movement of ions across a membrane to generate ATP.

pyruvate

End product of glycolysis, enters citric acid cycle.

citric acid cycle

Series of reactions producing energy carriers from acetyl-CoA.

ATP synthase

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP using proton gradient.

fermentation

Anaerobic process converting sugars to acids or alcohol.

electron transport chain

Series of proteins transferring electrons, creating H+ gradient.

ethanol

Alcohol produced during fermentation in yeast.

oxaloacetate

Four-carbon molecule that combines with acetyl-CoA in cycle.

FAD/FADH2

Electron carriers involved in cellular respiration.

NAD+/NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, key electron carrier.

lactic acid

Product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells.

substrate level phosphorylation

Direct ATP production from a substrate in glycolysis.

hydrogen ion gradient

Difference in H+ concentration across a membrane.

energy yield

Total ATP produced during aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

phosphofructokinase

Regulatory enzyme controlling glycolysis rate.