21st century

describe the influence of class on sport in the 21st century

social divisions still exist but class system is less pronounced

more mc football fans (increase ticket prices)

more wc participation in typically uc/mc sports

tennis, golf, polo often still associated with uc/mc

elite Olympic sport has disproportionate number of privately educated athletes

over 16 sports participation higher among mc/uc

sport provides opportunity for social mobility

describe the influence of time on sport in the 21st century

technological advances increase time available

more people can watch sport more easily

time-saving devices give more time for sport

more time spent on technology instead of playing sport

flexible working conditions following pandemic have increased free time

describe the influence of money on sport in the 21st century

people generally better off than in previous century but still fairly high levels of poverty

pandemic affected disposable income

cost of living crisis

increasing cost of tickets has caused decreased spectatorism

public transport has become more expensive

gym memberships are more flexible

describe the influence of gender on sport in the 21st century

increased female participation in sport

more media interest in women’s sport

sport participation + spectatorism still dominated by men

men’s sport still dominates media coverage

sport often still seen as unfeminine

more female sport role models

describe the influence of law + order on sport in the 21st century

wide range of sport specific legislation

rights + safety of athletes + spectators protected by law

also laws including officials

negligence law

drug misuse law

ant-discrimination laws

players can sue for deliberate injury

safety of spectators legislation

banning orders for spectators

describe the influence of education on sport in the 21st century

variety of PE/sport qualifications (GCSE, A-level, BTEC, degrees etc.)

compulsory curriculum of PE

extra-curricular sport

fixtures/school teams

private vs state

describe the influence of transport on sport in the 21st century

most households have a car

Easyjet + Ryanair made air fares cheaper

increased international fixtures

competition dates + times changed (Tue, Thu, Sat)

COVID changed participation (no travel - increase in walking/running/cycling)

factors affecting globalisation of sport

freedom of movement

greater exposure of people to sport

media coverage

describe how freedom of movement affects globalisation of sport

affects participants, spectators + officials

EU freedom of movement act (can freely go to work in other EU countries)

1995 Bosman Ruling allows football players to move freely between clubs at the end of their contract without a transfer fee

players in European clubs move easily (e.g. Bronze from Chelsea to Barcelona)

performers can showcase themselves to highest bidder for highest wages

Premier League attracted multi-national players from 2000s

describe how greater exposure of people to sport affects globalisation of sport

cheaper air fares makes it easier to spectate abroad

global tours + competitions (e.g. NFL London, Man United tour USA)

improved tech + media so spectators are charged for specific apps/streaming services

financial incentives for clubs

describe how media coverage affects globalisation of sport

media coverage of sport has massively increased since the 20th century

more TV channels

digital newspapers

subscription TV

streaming

mobile apps

social media

podcasts

pay per view

how has the media changed sport (9)

exposure of negative role models

encourages financial gain rather than love of game

increased pressure to perform

increased cost of spectating

limited range of sports shown

promote deviant behaviour

timing of events changed to suit media/spectators

rule changes to suit audience

effects for fairness

issues of equality in sports media (4)

women still marginalised in coverage (but increasing)

ethnic minorities still under-represented (but increasing)

Asian representation lacking in football

disabled athletes under-represented in media (but generate interest at Paralympics)

define the golden triangle

interdependence of sport, sponsorship + the media