Physiology OSPE CA2

Anti A - Anti B - Anti D

1) What is the blood group?

2) Mention the type of agglutinogens in the red blood cells of this blood group

3) Mention the type of agglutinin in the plasma of this blood group

4) Which blood groups can receive blood from the subject

1) A negative

2) A antigens

3) B antibodies

4) A+ , A- , AB+ , AB-

Anti A - Anti B - Anti D

1) What is the blood group?

2) Mention the type of agglutinogens in the red blood cells of this blood group

3) Mention the type of agglutinin in the plasma of this blood group

4) Which blood groups can receive blood from the subject

1) O negative

2) no antigens

3) A and B antibodies

4) O+ , O- , A+ , A- , B+ , B- , AB+ , AB-

Anti A - Anti B - Anti D

1) What is the blood group?

2) Mention the type of agglutinogens in the red blood cells of this blood group

3) Mention the type of agglutinin in the plasma of this blood group

4) Which blood groups can receive blood from the subject

1) B positive

2) B antigens

3) A antibodies

4) B+ , AB+

Anti A - Anti B - Anti D

1) What is the blood group?

2) Mention the type of agglutinogens in the red blood cells of this blood group

3) Mention the type of agglutinin in the plasma of this blood group

4) Which blood groups can receive blood from the subject

1) AB positive

2) A and B antigens
3) No antibodies
4) AB+

What is the immediate hazard of blood transfussion?

Fever - Allergic reaction - Hemolysis

What are the delayed hazards of blood transfusion

Thrombo phlebitis - Sensitzation

What are the steps of blood coagulation in the common pathway

Clotting facts will change the prothrombin to thrombin which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

Define hemostasis

physiological process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while maintaining normal blood flow elsewhere in the circulation

What is this experiment called?

What does it test?

Normal range?

If prolonged what is the case?

Duke method

Bleeding time

1 - 5 minutes

DIC - von williebrands disease

What is this experiment called?

What does it test?

Normal range?

If prolonged what is the case?

Capillary tube method

Clotting time

2-8 minutes

Pregnancy - cancer

What does HCV mean

Hematocrit

What does MCV measure?

average volume of the individual red cells in Femtoliter(fl).

Formula for MCV

Hematocrit (percent) x 10 / RBC Count (million per mm³)

What is the average MCV

80-100 fl

What is high MCV called

Macrocytic

What is low MCV called?

Microcytic

What is normal range of MCV called ?

Normocytic

What does MCH measure?

the content (weight) of the hemoglobin of the average individual red cell in a micro microgram (µµg) or picogram.

What ia the formula to calculate MCH?

Hemoglobin (gm/100 ml) x 10 / RBC count (millions/mm³)

What is the normal range of MCH

27 - 33 picogram

What is high MCH called?

Hyperchromic

What is low MCH called?

Hypochromic

What is normal MCH

Normochromic

What does MCHC measure?

The average hemoglobin conc. per 100 ml of packed red cells in percentage.

What is the formula to calculate MCHC

Hemolobin(gm/100ml) x100 / Hematocrit (percent)

What is the average range of MCHC?

32 - 36 g / dl

A patient has a hemoglobin level of 15 g/dL and a hematocrit of 45%. What is the MCHC?

33.3 g/dL

A patient has Hb = 10 g/dL, Hct = 30%, RBC = 3.5 × 10⁶/µL. Calculate MCH

28.6 pg

Hct = 28%, RBC = 4.7 × 10⁶/µL → MCV?

28×10 / 4.7 ≈ 59.6 fL ( Microcytic anemia)

What is this?

What does it do?

Phonocardiograph

A phonocardiograph is a medical instrument used to record the sounds made by the heart during the cardiac cycle

When do we hear first heart sound?

When the AV valve closes (tricuspid and mitral valves) S1

When do we hear the second heart sound?

When the semilunar valves close (aortic and pulmonic valves) S2.

When do we hear the third heart sound?

Passive/rapid filling of the ventricles S3.

When do we hear the fourth heart sound

Active filling of the ventricles S4

What is this device

Sphygmomanometers

What is this device

aneroid Sphygmomanometers

Miss Y presented with a headache her BP is 140/90.

1) What is her Systolic BP ?

2) What is her diastolic BP ?

3) Calculate Her Pulse Pressure :

4) Comment on her Result ( Normal / Abnormal ) & why ?

5) Write 4 Precautions for accurate BP measurement

1) 140 mmHg

2) 90

3) Systolic - Diastolic = 140 - 90 = 50

4) Her result is abnormal since its high, the normal Blood pressure is 120/80

5) ensuring patient is relaxed before measurement, avoid stimulants

What are the factors the affect the capacity and volumes in different individuals

Age - Gender - Body size

What is this device?

What does it measure?

Spirometry

lung function and volume

What is this device?’

What does it measure?

Peak flow meter

measures peak expiratory flow rate.

What does it mean by peak expiratory flow?

the maximum air flow achieved during maximum expiration after taking a deep breath.

What is the uses of Peak Flow Meter?

Evaluate treatment effectiveness

Diagnosis of obstructive airway disease

Asthma, COPD.

Normal values with the peak flow meter for males

400 - 800 L/min

Normal values with the peak flow meter for females

300 - 700 L/min

Label from A to H

A - Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

B - Tidal volume (TV)

C- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

D- Residual volume (RV)

E- Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

F- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

G- Vital Capacity (VC)

H- Total lung capacity (TLC)