Studied by 20 people
Add photosynthesis thru genetics
Living things maintain a stable internal environment
homestasis
What does biology mean?
study of life
What does synthesis?
to make
Living things are based on a universal genetic code
DNA
Living things grow and develop
mature
Living things respond to their environment
irritability
Living things obtain and use material and energy
Metabolism
steps of the scientific method (in order)
observe 2. question 3. hypothesis 4. experiment 5. data. 6. conclusion
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
quantitative number qualitative General description
What is an independent variable?
Variable that is altered or changed
What is a dependent variable?
varbible that is measured (control group)
Describe the atom, including the subatomic particles, where they are located, and their charges
electrons in shell
A covalent _________ electrons between atoms
shares
In a polar water molecule, what part of the molecule is slightly positive? Slightly negative?
Oxygen is more negative, hydrogen more positive
Why are chemical bonds important in metabolism?
Chemical bonds provide energy for metabolism
Adhesion
Sticking of molecules to a surface
Cohesion
sticking (hydrogen bonding) of particles of the same substance
Capillary action
Of liquid through Slim tube Against Gravity from adhesion and surface tension (dye moving up the carnation)
Heat capacity
Amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a molecule
What is a hydrogen bond?
Weak bond between molecules (water to water)
Surface tension
created by hydrogen bonds
An ionic bond ____________ electrons between atoms.
transfers
A solution that has more OH- ions than hydroxide ions is a(n) _____________
acid
Acid
lowers ph, increases hydrogen ions
Base
raises ph, lowers hydrogen ions
Purpose of buffer
maintains pH
Carbohydrates
C,H,O quick energy, strucatul
Lipids
fats, oils, long term energy
Proteins
build things (structuarul)
Nucleic acids
Genetic information (DNA) Every cell has DNA
difference between monomers and polymers of organic compounds.
Monomers building blocks (1 unit) polymers more than one unit
What compound captures and transfers chemical energy?
ATP
What is a polypeptide chain?
Many amino acids bonded together
Carbohydrate
monosaccharides
Protein
amino acids
Lipid
glycerol + fatty acids
Nucleic acid
nucleotide
How do enzymes work in living systems?
Catalyze chemical reactions, help to convert substrate into product
What is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic
Iso: no change in size
hypo: makes cells swell
hyper: H2O moves out of cell (shrinks)
What is the function of channel and carrier proteins in the cell membrane?
Transfer of molecules in/out of the cell
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? How are they similar?
O: diffusion of H2o
D: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
both do not use ATP, and move particles
What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
Active uses energy passive doesn't
What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and regular diffusion?
Facilitated uses a carrier protein
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
All living things are made of cells
smallest living unit is a cell
all cells arise from pre-existing cell
What is phagocytosis?
movement of solids into cells
Nucleus
DNA made
Vacuoles
For storage
Lysosomes
break down old cell parts and waster
Golgi apparatus
Packages proteins
Ribosomes
protein sythesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
transport system
Mitochondrion
ATP synthesis
Cell wall
proteion and shape of cells
Cell membrane
controls what comes in and out
Compare and contrast the cell wall to the cell membrane
W: thicker, outside of cell membrane, not in animals
What are the properties and make-up of cell membranes that make them semi-permeable?
Phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins, plama membrane
Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration
6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6O₂ + 6H₂O + usable Energy (ATP)
What are the three steps in photosynthesis? Where does each occur?
glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Krebs cycle (mitochondrion)
Electron transport (mitochondrion)
Write a brief description of what reactants are used in each step and what products are produced from each step of cellular respiration.
6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆
What is the main reason why oxygen is so important to cellular respiration? What would happen if it was not present?
no cellular respiration
What electron carrier molecules are produced in the first two steps of cellular respiration? Why are they needed for the final step?
NADH and FADH2 (carry elections to make ATP)
Summarize the complete net gain of ATP from all the steps in cellular respiration from the breakdown of one glucose molecule.
Total ATP = 38 per glucose
Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration
the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis
What two processes can occur if oxygen is not present for respiration in the mitochondria?
Anaerobic without oxygen lactic acid (in muscles), bacteria and archaea
Aerobic alcohol fermentation (in yeast)
What is the role of spindle fibers in cell division?
ensure cells have equal chromosomes
What are the two stages of cell division?
mitosis and cytokinesis
By what process do prokaryotes divide?
binary fission
What is the difference between a histone and a nucleosome?
nucleosomes are made of 8 histones
When does the nucleolus become visible in mitosis?
during interphase
How does cytokinesis differ in plants and animals?
C: The formation of cell plates than will become cell wall
A: happens through cleavage furrowing
During which phase of cell division does the nuclear envelope disappear?
prophase
What are sister chromatids? When do they form?
2 identical copies (chromatids) come from one chromosome during the s phase
During which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes moved to the middle of the cell?
metaphase
During which phase of mitosis do the centrioles move toward the opposite poles?
anaphase
During which phase of mitosis do the spindle fibers move the daughter chromosome to opposite poles?
telophase
What are the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction?
asexual: one person
sexual: 2 different people
G1
increases in size, new protein and organelles
S
chromosomes replicated, DNA synthesis
G2
prep for mitosis, organelles and molecules needed for cell division are made
What controls cell division in organisms? What is cancer and why can it be so dangerous?
proteins, cells grow uncontrollably
What factors can contribute to the causes of cancer?
smoking, age, alcohol, genes
How is mitosis different than meiosis?
mitosis: 2 identical body cells
Meiosis: four unique sex cells (sperm or eggs)
What types of cells are made from meiosis?
somatic (sex) cells
What is crossing over in meiosis?
same type of chromosomes are lined up
What are homologous chromosomes?
one paternal and maternal chromosomes
Can you construct a Punnett square? How is this done?
box in 4 squares
What is a monohybrid cross?
cross between 2 organisms involving one trait
What is a dihybrid cross?
experiment w/2 organisms that are identically
What is phenotype?
physical characteristics
What is genotype?
genetic code
What is a pedigree?
family history using standardized symbols
Note 
Flashcard (335)