Philosophy and History of Psychology

Flashcards covering key concepts from the Philosophy and History of Psychology lecture notes.

Socrates believed that seeking knowledge and wisdom leads to __ behavior.

virtuous

Plato's Theory of __ distinguish between the physical world and the abstract world.

Forms

Aristotle believed that all living things have a __, which can be vegetative, sensitive, or rational.

soul

The Mind-Body problem in Dualism was originally associated with __ Descartes.

René

Monism is the belief that reality consists of __ fundamentally different substances.

one

Locke proposed that all humans enter the world with a __ slate.

blank

In Berkley’s Idealism, he believed that our perception of the material world is merely ideas or __.

experiences

Hume believed that morality is based on __, not reason.

sentiment

Kant suggested that knowledge is impossible without accepting truths from both and .

empiricism; rationalism

Bacon emphasized the importance of __ reasoning in understanding nature.

inductive

Helmholtz studied the human sense organs under the assumption that they function like __.

machines

The Bell-Magendie law demonstrated that sensory nerves enter the __ roots of the spinal cord.

dorsal

Phrenology is the idea that bumps on the skull reveal specific __ traits.

personality

Weber’s law describes that the difference necessary to notice a change is a constant __ relating to the stimuli.

fraction

The gradual shift from faith-based to __ inquiry marked the Scientific Revolution.

reason-based

Structuralism according to Wundt involves organizing mental activities through __.

apperception

Introspection, a method used in Structuralism, involves examining one’s own __ state.

mental

Darwin's theory of natural selection suggests that those with inherited traits best suited to compete will __.

survive

The study of similarities in behavioral organization among living beings is known as __ psychology.

Comparative

Classical conditioning is an association between a __ stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

neutral

The stream of consciousness, according to William James, is personal to the individual and always __.

changing

The differences between Structuralism and Functionalism can be summarized by Structuralism's focus on the '__' versus Functionalism's focus on the 'why'.

what

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that perception is not just a sum of sensations but involves __ wholes.

structured

The term Neo-behaviorism refers to an approach that combines behaviorism with elements of __.

logical positivism

Milgram's obedience experiments are an example of studies related to social __ and conformity.

influence

Pinel believed that mental illness resulted from excessive exposure to social and __ stressors.

psychological

Freud's structure of personality includes the ID, Ego, and __.

Superego

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs includes five levels, and the highest is ___ self-actualization.

physiological

Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy is characterized as non-directive and __.

empathetic

The concept of __ suggests that behavior is fully caused by factors outside of personal control.

determinism