PE Paper 2

What is an open skill?

• Involves an unstable movement

• Done in a variety of different ways

• Directly affected by people around you

Give an example of an open skill

A pass in football or a tackle in rugby

What is a closed skill?

• Not affected by people around you

• Can be repeated the same way each time

• Self-paced

Give an example of a closed skill

A penalty kick or performing a serve in tennis

What is a basic skill?

• Usually taught to beginners

• Requires few decisions to be made

Give an example of a basic skill

A ground pass in football

What is a complex skill?

• Requires lots of decisions to be made

• Takes a lot of time to master'

• NOT taught to beginners

Give an example of a complex skill

A bicycle kick in football

What is a self-paced skill?

• Pace is controlled by performer

• Not affected by any other performers

Give an example of a self-paced skill

A tennis serve or a penalty kick in football

What is a externally-paced skill?

• Controlled by external factors, such as oppenents

• Pace is not controlled by the performer

Give an example of an externally-paced skill

A tennis return or a penalty save

What is a gross skill?

• involves big movements of the body

• doesn’t rely on accuracy or precision

• uses big muscle groups

Give an example of a gross skill

Weight lifting

What is a fine skill?

• involves small, precise movements

• involves small muscle groups

Give an example of a fine skill

A shot in snooker

What is a performance goal?

Performance goals are simply set for self improvement and are not compared to other performers. Performance goals allow the athlete to focus in on details of the performance, not just winning and losing.

Give an example of a performance goal

A 200m runner trying to beat their personal best time.

What is an outcome goal?

An outcome goal focuses specifically on the end goal with the main focus on winning and helps the performer to focus on the big picture of what they are trying to achieve.

Give an example on an outcome goal

As a footballer, becoming top goal scorer by the end of the season

What does the “S” stand for in SMART targets and what does it mean?

SPECIFIC to the demands of the sport

What does the “M” stand for in SMART targets and what does it mean?

MEASURABLE- must be possible to measure if it has been achieved or not

What does the “A” stand for in SMART targets and what does it mean?

ACCEPTED- must be accepted or agreed by the performer and/or the coach

What does the “R” stand for in SMART targets and what does it mean?

REALISTIC- must be physically possible to achieve

What does the “T” stand for in SMART targets and what does it mean?

TIME BOUND- must be set over a fixed period of time

What is visual guidance?

Visual guidance is when a performer is shown a skill e.g a photo/video or demonstrations

When should visual guidance be used?

Is good for beginners so they can see what the skill looks like  and create a mental image of what the movement should be

Advantages of visual guidance

• Can copy the movement 

• Can be done with large groups

Disadvantages of visual guidance

• If demonstration is poor incorrect movement learnt

• Time consuming 

• Videos are expensive 

• Complex movements are difficult to recognise

What is verbal guidance?

Verbal guidance is commonly used alongside visual guidance, and involves another person telling the performer what they are doing right or wrong e.g a coach telling the player to shoot across net

Advantages of verbal guidance

• Instructions can be given quickly 

• Can be used during a performance

Disadvantages of verbal guidance

• Learners can only remember a limited amount of spoken information.

• Needs to be simple and short for novices and younger performers.

What is manual guidance?

Manual guidance is where a coach physically supports or moves the performer to help them get into the correct position e.g a gymnastics coach getting the performer into a handstand position

Advantages of manual guidance

• Builds confidence

• Reduces fear

• Gives the performer some intrinsic feedback on the skill

Disadvantages of manual guidance

• The performer may become dependant on the support

• Might not be possible for all sports

What is mechanical guidance?

Mechanical guidance is where the coach uses equipment to  support the performer to help them with technique e.g armbands when swimming

Advantages of mechanical guidance

• Corrects mistakes

• Can get a feel for the movement 

• Builds confidence

• Reduces danger

Disadvantages of mechanical guidance

• The feeling is not actually the same as actually doing the skill

• Performer can become dependent on the support

• Incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being learned

• Cannot be used in large groups

What is intrinsic feedback

Feedback received from inside a performer, such as a feeling or a response from the muscles

Who is intrinsic feedback helpful for?

Elite performers

What is extrinsic feedback?

Feedback received from outside of the performer, such as a coach or a teacher

Who is extrinsic feedback helpful for?

Beginners

What is positive feedback?

Positive feedback informs players that something was correct about their movements which motivates the player and allows them to gain knowledge

Who is positive feedback useful for?

Beginners

What is negative feedback?

Negative feedback informs the player that something is incorrect about their decision or movements. This allows them to rectify themselves and address future errors.

Who is negative feedback useful for?

Elite performers

What is knowledge of results

• Focuses on whether your performance got the result you wanted

• They can focus on what needs to be done which can be applied through knowledge of performance

Who is knowledge of results useful for?

A beginner may use knowledge of results so they understand what needs to be done to improve performance

What is knowledge of performance?

Knowledge of performance focuses on the way you carried out the skill or technique

Who is knowledge of performance useful for?

Is useful for more advanced performers to see what needs to be done to improve technique

What is basic information processing?

Information processing is where you make decisions based on gathering information from your sense, such as what you see and hear. You prioritise the important stimuli to make a suitable decision.

What are the four stages of basic information processing?

1. Input

2. Decision making

3. Output

4. Feedback

What happened in the input stage?

The initial consideration in the decision making process is input. The key things to consider at this point are:

• Environment- the performer must take in the information about what they can see, hear and feel from the environment around them

• Relevance- the performer must select the key pieces or information they feel relevant at the time, such as signals, cues and stimulus presented to them

What happened in the decision making stage?

The selection of the most appropriate decision based on previous decisions or experiences from the STM or LTM.

Short term memory- this is the working memory. The input information may last around 30 seconds before being lost, with you attention focusing on new information.

Long term memory- this is rehearsed and stored memory from prior experiences. Comparisons between STM information and LTM can be compared. →e.g a penalty taker can make a decision based on a previous shot

What happens in the output stage?

The information that you sent to your muscles is carried out

What happened in the feedback phase?

Intrinsic/extrinsic feedback- The performer will receive information from themselves, or from others around them, as to whether the action was successful or not

Information received- The feedback based on the information received, could now influence how the performer approaches the skill in the future

What is arousal?

A physical and mental state or alertness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement

What is optimum arousal?

The point at which the nest or optimal performance occurs

What should the arousal levels be when doing fine movements and complex skills?

→e.g putting in golf

Low level of arousal

What should the arousal levels be when doing skills that involve speed or strength?

→e.g tackling in rugby

High arousal levels

What is stress management?

Specific strategies are needed to help us manage the effects of arousal during sports performance, as the physical effects could ultimately lead to mistakes

What is deep breathing?

A physical technique, which involves the performer exaggerating their breaths in and out

Why is deep breathing used?

To calm nerves and focus the mind on the task ahead

What is mental rehearsal?

Mental technique involved in the performer picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly before attempting it

What is positive self talk?

A mental technique where the performer talks to themselves in their head to reassure themselves

What is motivation?

The drive to succeed or the desire to achieve something e.g get a personal best

What is intrinsic motivation?

The drive that comes within the performer e.g pride, or making people proud

Why is intrinsic motivation more powerful than extrinsic motivation?

• May become to rely on when motivated extrinsically

• Intrinsic motivation can lead to continue participation

• Being extrinsically motivated can undermine extrinsic motivation

Values of intrinsic motivation

• Stronger- believed to be stronger than extrinsic

• Undermine- overuse of extrinsic can undermine intrinsic values

• Persist- more likely to persist if intrinsically motivated

• Effort- more likely to be sustained

• Reliance- can become too reliant of extrinsic

What is extrinsic motivation?

The drive experience, five performer win, striving to achieve a reward whether tangible (something you can touch) or intangible (those that you can’t touch)

What is aggression?

A deliberate intent to harm injure another person, this could be physical or mental

What is direct aggression?

When there is actual physical contact between performers, usually deliberately inflicting harm on their opponent

What is indirect aggression?

Doesn’t involve actual physical contact, but the aggression is taken out on an object to gain advantage of their opponent

What are the characteristics of an introvert?

• Do not need high level of arousal

• They can become overaroused when overstimulated

• Can be shy, quiet passive and reserved

What’s a good sport for introverts?

Darts, archery and snooker are examples. However, it’s many other single player sports

What are the characteristics of an extrovert?

• Require a high level of arousal to perform

• Can lack concentration and often seek exciting situations

• Sociable and enjoy interactions with others

• Can be enthusiastic, talkative and prone to boredom when isolated or alone

What’s a good sports for extroverts?

Football basketball, rugby and american football are examples. However, any team sports would be good for extroverts

What are the barriers in participation?

→There are 13 but try name 5

• Attitudes

• Role Models

• Accessibility

• Media coverage

• Sexism

• Culture

• Family commitments

• Leisure

• Time

• Education

• Familiarity

• Socio-economic factors

• Adaptability/inclusion

What are attitudes and how are they a barrier in participation?

An opinion about something normally learn through family and friends attitudes are not stable, which means they can be changed. If your family do not exercise, you may not either.

What are role models and how are they a barrier in participation?

Role models of sports people who influence our behaviour is in positive or negative ways particularly when it comes to the sport. They tend to encourage positive behaviours that make us want to participate or simply dress like them. However if there are no role models then this will affect participation

How is accessibility at a barrier in participation?

Access to the correct a suitable facilities can sometimes make a huge difference as to whether participation in the particular sport can be achieved, if there is no accessibility to the correct environment then the participation is unlikely to be achieved

What is media coverage and how is it a barrier in participation?

Presents viewers with a role models who are positive. However, if the media does not cover a particular sport, people may have less knowledge about it.

What is sexism and how is it a barrier in participation?

Sexism is the belief that one sex is naturally superior than the other, usually read into the prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination of women based on their gender. If a beginner goes to learn a sport and experiences sexism, this may discourage them from learning the sport further

How might a persons culture/religion be a barrier in participation?

Muslim women are not encourage to show their bodies, articulate in the presence of man therefore, in a football game, it will be difficult for them to participate

How many family commitments be a barrier in participation?

Larger families have more commitments therefore they may have no free time.

What is leisure time and how may it be a barrier in participation?

Leisure time is the time we have when not working. If a person has minimal leisure time as it is and then uses this time to take care of ourselves, be with family or clean the home they may not have enough time to participate in sport.

Why is education a barrier in participation?

Schools offer a range of sports activities to improve his participation in sport. However, this may be limited due to the curriculum restrictions off facilities available all the factors that may limit opportunities for children in schools include school, tradition and timetables.

What are socio-economics and how are they a barrier in participation?

Some sports Rye heavily on access to funds for participation, which limits the opportunities to those from low income, families memberships and restriction specifically, for certain social group still exist, limiting participation in activities, such as pulling to the higher income families due to the cost activities, such as golf, tennis, horse riding, can be particularly expensive.

How is inclusiveness a barrier in participation?

Adapt in sports can make a Timati is much more inclusive, the people from lower income families, all those with disabilities that may restrict their participation in the original form of the activity. Examples of inclusiveness in sports include bicycle polo, wheelchair, rugby and blind football.

What is commercialisation?

The process of introducing a new product into commerce- the activity of buying and selling on a large scale

What is the golden triangle?

The link between media and sponsorship in sports

What is sponsorship?

A method for businesses to encourage people to buy their products through association with sports teams of performers. This is for the companies of financial gain.

What are the positives of sponsorship?

• Companies can reclaim their tax by getting a lower tax bill

• Players gain specialist equipment

• Receive specialist clothing

• Receive specialist footwear

What are the negatives of sponsorship?

Companies may be seen in a different light if the player is caught cheating/being violent e.c.t

What is the media?

The media is extremely influential in the world of sport due to the relatively low cost for TV companies to broadcast sports events as entertainment, sports have moved to improve their publicity in order to increase their chances of receiving media deals

What are the different types of media?

• Printed media- newspaper

• Broadcast

• Media

• Internet

• Social media

• TV

• Radio

Explain commercialisation for performers

From a commercial perspective, performers are aware that to be a success, they must entertain the audience in order to increase their market ability.

What are the positives of commercialisation for the performer?

• Paid millions to endorse products

• Train full time and focus on being the best in their sport

• Receives top quality products to use to improve performance

What are the negatives of sponsorship deals for performers?

• Takes up their free time

• May not reflect their own beliefs

• Deals could be cancelled, resulting in loss of income

Explain commercialisation in sport for the sport

Many sports benefit hugely from the finances generated by sponsorship deals so much so that the sports no longer need to rely on ticket sales