Evo and Eco 1

Gradual Model

The Dobzhansky-Muller is more associated with which type of the following models: Gradual or punctuated

Vicariance Speciation

The example of the snapping shrimp around Central America describes what form of allopatric speciation

Occurs with disruptive selection or diversifying selection

Sympatric speciation occurs with what mode of natural selection

Habitat Differentiation

The Sympatric speciation described for the apple maggot fly involves which of the following: habitat differentiation or sexual selection

Polyploidy

What is the term for individuals having more than two sets of chromosomes from different species

Short evolution

Punctuated model

Long evolution

Gradual model

Allopatric speciation

Physical barrier that prevents gene flow between two populations (migration of individuals but looking at genes) most speciation occurs by this method

Sister species

Can exists on each side of a geographic barrier over time

Peripatric speciation

Few individuals from a population that disperse to isolated area and evolve separately (dispersal)

Darwins Finches

Example of peripatric speciation

Vicariance speciation

Geographic barrier occurs within a single population that separates it into reproductively isolated populations

Freshwater stream fish

Example of Vicariance speciation due to glaciers causing lakes to be separated

Habitat differentiation, sexual selection, polyploidy

Factors reducing gene flow in geographically overlapping populations

Habitat differentiation

Appearance of new ecological niches

Sexual Selection

When individuals select mates based on heritable traits

Apple Maggot Flies

Lay eggs on fruit and have a fruit source for consumption purposes

African cichlids

Example of habitat differentiation and sexual selection

Autopolyploid

Individuals that have more than two sets of chromosomes from single species

Allopolyploid

Individuals that have more than two sets of chromosomes from different species

Adaptive Radiation

Rapid diversification of an ancestral species filling different habitats

Ecological Isolation

Also known has habitat isolation or geographic isolation

Ecological niche

Role species play in an environment

Post-zygotic mechanisms

General method that reduces the fitness of hybrids

Post-zygotic mechanisms

What general method (not specific) reduces the fitness of hybrids

Habitat isolation or geographic isolation

What is ecological isolation also known as (two terms)

Odd number - 63 total chromosomes, cannot equally divide for offspring

How many total chromosomes do mules have

Animal pollinated plants

Which of the following are more likely for speciation to occur: wind-pollinated plants or animal-pollinated plants

Permian

Among five mass extinctions, this one was the worst

Temporal Isolation

Mating behavior of fertility at different times

Temporal Isolation

Flower species A opens its flowers only in the morning, while flower species B opens its flowers only in the evening. What type of specific reproductive isolation mechanism is this

Anatomy, Physiology, Behavior

Reproductive isolation mechanism factors

Ecological Isolation

Different environments preventing species from encountering each other

Temporal Isolation example

The leopard frog mates in early spring and the bullfrog mates in early summer

Behavioral Isolation

Different mating activity that prevent attraction between species

Ecological Isolation Example

The arctic fox and the desert fox live in such different places, they never encounter each other

Mechanical Isolation

Mating organs are incompatible, preventing successful mating

Behavioral Isolation Example

The prairie chicken is not attracted to the mating display of the ring necked pheasant

Gametic Isolation

Gametes cannot unite to form a zygote

Mechanical Isolation example

Plants pollinated by the hummingbird do not receive pollen from plants pollinated by the black bee

Prezygotic Mechanisms (the five isolations)

Mechanisms that prevent hybridization from happening before fertilization

Gametic Isolation Example

The gametes from a dog and a cat cannot unite to form a zygote

Post zygotic Mechanisms (two mechanisms)

Mechanisms that reduce the fitness of hybrids after fertilization

Hybrid Inviability

Gametes unite but viable offspring cannot form

Hybrid Infertility

Vialable hybrid offspring cannot reproduce

Hybrid Inviability example

The goat and sheep can mate, but the zygote formed does not survive

Morphological species concept

Species concept used by Linnaeus for classifying and identifying organisms

Hybrid Infertility Example

Zebras and horses are different species, because their hybrid offspring, zebroids cannot produce offspring of their own

Rates of speciation factors

Diets, Plants, Sexual Selection, Dispersal abilities

More likely to occur with specialize diets

Will speciation occur with a more generalized or specialized diets

Animal pollinated plants

Will speciation occur with more wind-pollinated or animal-pollinated plants

When a population has sexual dimorphic individuals

Will speciation occur with sexually dimorphic (humans) or sexually monomorphic individuals

Low dispersal

Will speciation occur with more low or high dispersal abilities

Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous

Five mass extinctions

Ordovician

Paleozoic. Before Silurian, after Cambrian. Graptolites, 1st fish and fungi, shallow seas

Devonian

Paleozoic. After Silurian, before Carboniferous. Age of fish, 1st trees, 1st amphibians, Appalachian Mountains

Permian

The time period known for the fist mammal-like reptiles

Triassic

Mesozoic. After Permian, before Jurassic. Age of Ammonites, 1st Dinosaurs, 1st mammals, Pangaea breaks

Cretaceous

Of, relating to, or denoting the last period of the Mesozoic era, between the Jurassic and Tertiary periods

Systemics

The study of evolutionary history of the relationships of organisms

Genus and Species

Which of the taxonomic groups are used for the scientific name of an organism

Basal Taxon

The most primitive branch in an evolutionary tree

Node

Another term for branch point in an evolutionary tree

Out group and the other branches are classified as the in group

What is another term for basal taxon in an evolutionary tree? Excluding the basal taxon, what are the other branches classified as in an evolutionary tree?

Cladogram

A diagram used to represent evolutionary relationships among species

In group

Excluding the basal taxon what are all the other branches classified as in an evolutionary tree

Synapomorphy

Which of the following is more useful for determining evolutionary relationships: synplesiomorphy or Synapomorphy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genus, Species

What are the eight taxonomic groups

Domain

The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Kingdom

Fist and largest category used to classify organisms

Phylum

Insects, lobsters, crabs, spiders

Class

Insects

Order

Wasps, bees, and ants

Family

Ants

Genus

A classification grouping that consists of number of similar/closely related species

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Evolutionary Patterns

Systematics, phylogeny, phylogenetic tree

Phylogeny

Hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species

Phylogenetic tree

A visual representation the evolutionary history

Clades

Involves how you group thing together (sister species)

Ancestral Characteristics

A characteristic inherited from the most recent ancestor

Shared Derived Characteristic

Characteristic that occurred more recently within groups

Synapomorphy

Shared derived characteristic shared by clade members

Cladistics characteristics

Morphology, physiology, behavior, DNA

Plesiomorphy

Ancestral characteristics that are shared among species

Symplesiomorphy

Shared ancestral characteristic among different groups

Taxonomy

The evolutionary history and relationships among species

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history and relationships among species

Clades

Groups of organisms that share a common ancestor

Hierarchical Classification

A system of organizing biological diversity into ranked categories