Lecture 1. Genetics: Science of Heredity and Variation

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75 Terms

1

principles governing heredity across generations

what is explained in genetics? (3)

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2

the forces behind the diversities

what is explained in genetics? (2)

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3

"grow into something", "to become"

came from the greek word "gen" which means

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4

genes

determines the structure, function, and other biological properties of the character or trait

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Blending Process

parent one + parent two = offspring

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6

theory of germplasm

august weismann (1834-1914)

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electron micrograph of nucleic acids

What is the molecule depicted in the powepoint?

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8

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the biomolecules?

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9

Genetics

it is a branch of biology that deals heredity and variation in all living things

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- molecular diversity at both molecular and physical levels

what is explained in genetics? (1)

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Genetics

addresses life's fundamental questions

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12

heredity

inheritance of traits from parents to offsprings between succeeding generations

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13

you can select (if there is variation, there is evolution)

why is variation important?

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14

(endemic) where do coconuts get their names from?

from the place they came from

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15

baybay tall, albuera dwarf

what are some variations of coconut trees nearby?

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16

macapuno (mutant)

high value, mahal, full of coconut meat

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Genetics

it is multi-faceted

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Genetics

stimulated by independent and related studies

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William Bateson

coined the word "genetics"

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1906

when was the word "genetics" coined?

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21

Gregor Mendel in 1866

said that unit factors are transmitted in a uniform, predictable fashion

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Gregor Mendel in 1866

- each progeny has a physical copy of the gene

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genes

what are unit factors now called?

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24

Blending Process

account for the children's intermediate nature

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in between

what does "intermediate" mean?

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26

theory of pangenesis

aristotle's theory (384-322 BC)

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27

semen

-formed everywhere in a man's body

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semen

reflected the characteristics of the body part from where it is formed

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semen

traveled through the blood vessels into the male reproductive organs

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30

theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

jean baptiste de lamarck's theory (1744-1829)

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jean baptiste de lamarck

proposed the fundamental mechanism of evolutionary change

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theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

body modification acquired by use or disuse could be transmitted to the offsprings because semen formed reflected such modifications

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august weismann

conducted experiments about the inheritance of mice tails

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34

normal tail lengths

cutting off of tails produced offsprings with

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germplasm which was unaffected when tail was cut

inheritance did not depend on the particles in the parental tail but

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Kolreuter (1733-1806)

hybrids between species have uniform appearance while fertile offsprings produce considerable diversity

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Gartner

Naudin

Darwin

had the same conclusion as Kolreuter

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Dzierzon

- a bee-hybridizer

- he said none of them took into account the numerical ratios

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the choice of gardnen peas (pisum sativum) as the experimental material

- self-pollinated, relatively homozygous

- produced large number of seeds so characteristic ratio could be recognized easily

why was mendel considered the father of modern genetics? (1)

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he concentrated on a single character at a time

why was mendel considered the father of modern genetics? (2)

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strains or varieties were true-breeding by growing them for two years

why was mendel considered the father of modern genetics? (3)

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flower color (purple and white), flower position (axial and terminal), seed color (yellow and green), seed shape (round and wrinkled), pod shape (inflated and constricted), pod color (green and yellow), stem length (tall and dwarf)

what are examples of characters (traits)?

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he classified hybrid progenies and determined their respective frequencies

why was mendel considered the father of modern genetics? (4)

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he formulated theories that explained his experimental results

why was mendel considered the father of modern genetics? (5)

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he formulated experimental tests that validates his theories

why was mendel considered the father of modern genetics? (6)

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40 years

mendel's work in 1866 was almost not considered important for how many years?

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most biologists and mathematicians pay little appreciation to each other

the following are the reasons: (1)

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he failed to prove his principles in other plants and animals

the following are the reasons: (2)

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Carl Correns

Erich Von Tschermak

Hugo de Vries

they independently duplicated mendel's experiments in 1900

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William Bateson

Saunders

Cuenot

they showed that mendel's principles also applied to animals in 1902

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walter sutton (usa) and theodor boveri (germany)

independently suggested resemblance between mendelian factors and chromosomes

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walter sutton (usa) and theodor boveri (germany)

segregation of pairs of factors and homologous chromosomes parallel each other during meiosis

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thomas hunt morgan and calvin bridges

discovered sex chromosomes

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thomas hunt morgan and calvin bridges

demonstrated the association between specific genes and chromosomes

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thomas hunt morgan and calvin bridges

- according to them, each chromosomes contained not one but many genes

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oswald avery, collin macLeod, maclyn macCarty

identified the deoxyribonucleic acid as the genetic material in 1944

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james watson and francis crick

proposed the model of the dna in 1953

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double helix model of the dna

explain how genes or dna are transmitted and expressed from generation to generation

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oswald avery

bacteriophage

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-individual

-species

-living forms as a whole

-similarities and differences encountered in the human species and degree of plasticity

what are the scope of genetics

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individual

unique, inherent pattern in dynamic interplay with the environment are the central problems of life

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species

ability to transfer these systems to the other generations

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living forms as a whole

orderly variety of patterns and their changes with time on a geological scale constitute the accomplishment of organic evolution

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similarities and differences encountered in the human species and degree of plasticity

are basic to human understanding and important to human welfare

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- plant, animal, and microbial improvement

- medicine

- genetic counselling

- legal applications

- recombinant dna technology

what are the applications of genetics?

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Plant, animal, and

microbial improvement

By selective breeding resulted in a litany of

success stories

❑ High-yielding and pest-resistant varieties of

rice, corn, and wheat

❑ Advances in meat production of cattle,

swine, and poultry through breeding

❑ Microbial strains selected for higher

efficiency in fermentation

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medicine

Identification of diseases and

abnormalities which have genetic bases

and prescription of appropriate

preventive measures

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genetic counseling

Knowledge of the inheritance of certain

desirable or undesirable characteristics,

as well as pedigrees of prospective

parents

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legal applications

Helped solve problems of disputed

parentage in settling child support,

estate claims, or even baby mix-up in

hospitals

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recombinant dna technology

Involves joining of DNA segments from

different biological sources producing

genetically modified organisms or

transgenic plants, animals, or

microorganisms

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recombinant dna technology

❑ Therapeutic proteins, hormones, and

vaccines are produced using this

technique

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legal applications

❑ Traits commonly used are DNA

"fingerprints" or profiles, ABO and MN

blood types, some enzyme markers

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medicine

❑ Nature of these defects is known,

making it easy to take the necessary

preventive steps including gene therapy

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Non-mendelian sex-linked trait

refers to characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes.

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