B5 Summary

Cellulose

Resist invasion by microorganisms

Waxy cuticle on leaves

Resist invvasion by microorganisms

Bark on treees

dead cells form a protective layer that is hard for pathogen top penetrate

Leave fall

Pathogens fall off tree

Chemical barriers

Plants produce antibacterial chemicals that can be used in humans

Protecting from herbivores

Poisons

Thorns

Hairy stems

Drooping/curloing when touches

Mimicry

Aphids

Take nutrients from the plant’s phloem cells and can be vectors

Can be killed by natural predators (ladybirds) or insecticides

Nitrate deficiency

Stunting and yellowing of leaves

Phosphate deficiency

Leaves turn purple and roots don’t grow properly

Potassium deficiency

Yellow leaves and dead spots

Magnesium deficiency

Green veins and yellow leaves

Identifying deficiencies

Comparing symptoms

Testing kits

Sending sample to a lab

Signs of deficiency

Stunted growth

spots on leaves

aea of decaying

growths

malformed stems/leaves

Skin

Physical Barrier

Antimicrobial secretion

Microorganisms on skin keep you healthy and extra barrier

Respiratory/Digestive systems

Nose Full of tiny hairs to keep out pathogens

Trachea and bronchi covered in cilia - waft mucus to the throat

Stomach has HCl acid to destroy pathogens

White blood cells

Ingests micro - toxins

Produces antibodies

Produces antitoxins

Salmonella

Type - Bacteria

Spread by - Under cooked meat/eggs

Symptoms - Fever, Abdominal cramps, Diarrhoea, Vomiting

Treatment/prevention - Vaccinating chicken, separeate cooked and non cooked meat

Gonorrhoea

Type - Bacteria

Spread by - STD

Symptoms - Thick yellow/green discharge from sexual organs, none

Treatment/prevention - Anti-biotics, condoms

Rose black spot

Type - Fungal

Spread by - Wind and water

Symptoms - Black spots on leaves

Treatment/prevention - Removing affected areas, chemical sprays

Malaria

Type - Protist

Spread by - Vector(mosquitoes)

Symptoms - Fever, shaking

Treatment/prevention - drugs, destroying nests, nets, insecticides

Measles

Type - Virus

Spread by - Inhalation of droplets

Symptoms - Fever, red skin rash, can cause blindness and brain damage

Treatment/prevention - None (isolation)

HIV/AIDS

Type - Virus

Spread by - Sexual contact/exchange of bodily fluids

Symptoms - Mild, flu like to begin, can lead to AIDS

Treatment/prevention - Condoms, Not sharing needles

TMV

Type - Virus

Spread by - Contact

Symptoms - Yellow mosaic pattern on leaves

Treatment/prevention - Good field hygiene and pest control

Rose black spot

Type - Fungal

Spread by - Wind and water

Symptoms - Black spots on leaves

Treatment/prevention - Removing affected areas, chemical sprays

Malaria

Type - Protist

Spread by - Vector(mosquitoes)

Symptoms - Fever, shaking

Treatment/prevention - drugs, destroying nests, nets, insecticides

Salmonella

Type - Bacteria

Spread by - Under cooked meat/eggs

Symptoms - Fever, Abdominal cramps, Diarrhoea, Vomiting

Treatment/prevention - Vaccinating chicken, separeate cooked and non cooked meat

Gonorrhoea

Type - Bacteria

Spread by - STD

Symptoms - Thick yellow/green discharge from sexual organs, none

Treatment/prevention - Anti-biotics, condoms

Measles

Type - Virus

Spread by - Inhalation of droplets

Symptoms - Fever, red skin rash, can cause blindness and brain damage

Treatment/prevention - None (isolation)

HIV/AIDS

Type - Virus

Spread by - Sexual contact/exchange of bodily fluids

Symptoms - Mild, flu like to begin, can lead to AIDS

Treatment/prevention - Condoms, Not sharing needles

TMV

Type - Virus

Spread by - Contact

Symptoms - Yellow mosaic pattern on leaves

Treatment/prevention - Good field hygiene and pest control

Ignaz Semmelweis

Realised many women were dying often from childbed fever. Realised that it was because doctors weren’t washing their hands. This stopped mothers dying.

Notable discoveries in the 19th century

Louis Pasteur - microorganisms cause disease

Lister - antisepic chemicals to destroy pathogens before they caused infection

Methods to prevent spread of communicable diseases

Hygiene

Isolation

Destroying/controlling vectors

Vaccination

Hygiene

• Hand washing

• Using disinfectants

• Separating raw meat

• Maintaining hygiene of people and agricultural machinery(plant diseases

Isolation

If someone has an infectious disease, you should keep them away from people to stop healthy people catching that disease.

Destroying/controlling vectors

As vectors transmit disease, destroying vectors will stop the transmission of diseases

Vaccination

Doctors release a small, harmless amount of the pathogen into an animals body so if they get the pathogen, they are prepared

How bacteria makes people unwell

Reproduce rapidly inside the cell. Release toxins that damages tissue and make us unwell.

How viruses makes people unwell

Reproduce rapidly inside the cell. This damages/destroys a cell

How pathogens are spread

Direct contact, vectors, contaminated water, air

Causes of communicable diseases

Pathogens e.g bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi

Health

A state of physical and mental well being

Communicable disease

Microorganism/pathogen that can be passed form one organism to another

Non - Communicable disease

Microorganism/pathogen that cannot be passed form one organism to another

Factors affecting health

Diet, Stress, Life situations