LCD 207 Test 1

Anatomy

The study of the structure of an organism

Physiology

The study of the function of a living organism and its parts + the chemical processes involved

Teratogen

Anything causing teratogenesis, or the development of a severely malformed fetus. Its effects must occur during prenatal development.

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The study of tissues

Osteology

The study of bones

Myology

The study of muscles

Arthrology

The study of joints

Angiology

The study of blood vessels

Neurology

The study of neurons

Appendicular skeleton

The upper and lower limbs

Axial skeleton

The head and trunk. Spinal column is the axis.

Thorax

The chest region

Abdomen

The belly + anterior abdominal wall

Trunk/Torso

The thorax + abdomen

Pelvis

The area of the hip bones

Caput

Head

Neuraxis

Axis of the brain

Cranial portion

Portion of the skull that houses the brain and its components

Facial portion

Portion of the skull that houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, etc.

Upper extremity

Consists of the arm (shoulder to elbow), forearm, wrist, and hand

Lower extremity

Consists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot

Cavities

Enclosed spaces where organs reside

Sagittal/Median plane

Divides the body into left + right portions

Coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior + posterior portions

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior + inferior portions

Anterior/Ventral

Toward the front (abdominal wall for quadrupeds)

Posterior/Dorsal

Toward the back

Rostral

Toward the head (used for quadrupeds)

Caudal

Toward the tail (used for quadrupeds)

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Peripheral

Away from the center

Superficial

Toward the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Proximal

Toward the root/attachment point

Distal

Away from an attachment point

Lateral

Away from the midsagittal/median plane

Medial

Toward the midsagittal/medial plane

Prone

Lying on the belly

Supine

Lying on the back

Flexion

Bending at a joint. Ventral surfaces come closer together.

Extension

Opposite of flexion. Ventral surfaces get farther apart.

Hyperextension

Extending a joint too far

Plantar

The sole of the foot

Dorsiflexion

Flexing the foot. Brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity.

Plantarflexion

Extending/pointing the foot. Brings ventral surfaces closer together.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

Eversion

Turning the foot out

Palmar

The palm of the hand (ventral/flexor surface)

Pronation

Rotating the hand so the palm is down/directed inferiorly

Supination

Rotating the hand so the palm is up/directed superiorly

Palmar grasp reflex

The fingers grasp if the palm is lightly stimulated. Common in babies.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline

Adduction

Movement towards the midline

Medial/Internal rotation

Rotational movement towards the midline

Lateral rotation

Rotational movement away from the midline

Elevation

Movement in a superior direction (shoulder shrug)

Depression

Movement in an inferior direction (lowering raised shoulders)

Opposition

Brings the thumb and little fingers together

Reposition

Moves the thumb and little finger away from each other

Ipsi-lateral

On the same side

Contra-lateral

On the opposite side

Epithelial tissue

• Superficial layer of tissue.

• Cells of the skin, linings of major body cavities, and linings of tubes.

• Shortage of intercellular material.

• Prevents/permits substances from passing to structures.

Simple epithelium

Single layer of epithelial cells

Compound epithelium

Multiple layers of epithelial cells

Cilia

Hairlike protrusions that remove contaminants from the epithelial surface

Baseplate/Basement membrane

Connects epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue

Connective tissue

• Tissue specialized for support and protection.

• Composed of intercellular material (matrix).

• Solid, liquid, or gel-like.

• Ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bones, blood.

Areolar

• Type of connective tissue.

• Thin membranous sheets of flexible collagen (web-like).

• Supports and fills interstitial space between organs.

Adipose

• Type of connective tissue.

• Cells with fat globules.

Muscular tissue

• Specialized contractile tissue.

• Has fibers capable of contracting to ~half their length.

Striated/Skeletal

• Type of muscular tissue.

• Voluntary/somatic.

• Moves skeletal structures (limbs, torso, neck).

• Has striations/stripes.

Smooth

• Type of muscular tissue.

• Involuntary/visceral/autonomic.

• Found in internal organs & tracts.

Cardiac

• Type of muscular tissue.

• Netlike interconnection of cells.

• Involuntary.

• Found in the heart.

Nervous tissue

• Highly specialized communicative tissue.

• Consists of neurons.

• Transmits information.

Neuron

Nerve cell that transfers information

Glial cell

• Type of cell in the nervous system

• Nutrient transfer, remove waste, blood-brain barrier, structural support, long-term memory.

Astrocyte

• Type of glial cell.

• Takes oxygen from capillaries and gives it to neurons.

Organs

Aggregates of tissues with functional unity

Functional unity

When all cells/tissues serve the same general purpose

Muscles

• Structures made up of contractile muscular tissue.

• Must be attached to bone of cartilage.

• Innervated by a single nerve.

Motor unit

A motor nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it controls

Agonists

Muscles that move a structure (ex: biceps brachii during bicep curl)

Antagonists

Muscles that oppose movement (ex: triceps brachii during bicep curl)

Fixators

Muscles that stabilize structures. Result of co-contracting of agonists and antagonists.

Synergists

Muscles that aid in movement

Isometric

Muscle action that does not result in movement of a structure

Fascia

• Sheetlike membrane that surrounds organs, peripheral nerves, and blood vessels.

• Dense or transparent.

• Provides physical isolation and stability.

Ligament

Binds together structures of the body. Typically bind to bone.

Tendons

Provide a means of attaching a muscle to bone/cartilage by fibers. Have the morphology of the muscles they serve.

Origin

The point of attachment with the least movement (the start)

Insertion

The point of attachment of relative mobility (the end)

Periosteum

Fibrous membrane covering of a bone

Joints

Achieve the union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage. Made of bone and the connective tissues that hold them together.

Fibrous

Immobile joints

Cartilaginous

Joints of limited mobility

Synovial

Highly mobile joints

Nervous system

• Bodily system.

• Allows the body to communicate.

• Regulates heart rate, respiration, hormones, etc.

• Composed of billions of cells (nerves).

• Responsible for sensory and motor actions.

Automaticity

Pattern of movement done over and over again.