UNIT 3: THE PRACTICE OF FREEDOM

What were the Reconstruction Amendments and when were they ratified?

The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth (1870) Amendments to the United States Constitution.

What did the Thirteenth Amendment achieve?

It officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

What principle did the Fourteenth Amendment establish?

It established birthright citizenship and granted equal protection under the law.

Which Supreme Court case did the Fourteenth Amendment overturn?

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857).

What rights did the Fifteenth Amendment protect?

It prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

How did the Reconstruction Amendments impact African Americans?

They granted citizenship, equal rights, and political representation.

What was the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

To assist formerly enslaved people by providing food, clothing, and education.

How did Black Codes affect African Americans after the Civil War?

They restricted rights and freedoms, controlling their movement and labor.

What significant legislation followed the enactment of the Reconstruction Amendments?

The Civil Rights Acts and subsequent laws aiming to protect the rights of African Americans.

What was one consequence of the Fifteenth Amendment for African American men?

It enabled their formal participation in American politics.

How many African Americans served in public office during the Reconstruction era?

Nearly 2,000.

What did the Jim Crow laws enforce?

Racial segregation and the disenfranchisement of Black Americans.

What was the main focus of the New Negro movement?

Self-definition, racial pride, and cultural innovation.

What event is often associated with the peak of racial violence in 1919?

The Red Summer, marked by numerous race riots.

Who was Hiram Revels?

The first African American to serve in the United States Congress.

What did the Great Migration involve?

The relocation of six million African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West.

What was one effect of the Great Migration on American cities?

It infused them with Black Southern culture and transformed demographic dynamics.

Who was Marcus Garvey and what organization did he lead?

A leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) aimed at uniting all Black people.

What was the purpose of the Black Star Line?

To facilitate the repatriation of African Americans to Africa.

What did the term 'Double Consciousness' refer to?

The internal conflict experienced by African Americans in an oppressive society.

What were some common forms of resistance to racial violence in the early 20th century?

Political activism, published accounts, and armed self-defense.

What major shifts occurred in the Black community post-Civil War?

Strengthening family bonds and reuniting separated families.

What role did the Black press play during the Great Migration?

It provided information and encouragement for those migrating North.

What did educational institutions like HBCUs aim to provide?

Higher education and promote cultural pride among African Americans.

What was the significance of 'Lift Every Voice and Sing'?

It became known as the Black National Anthem promoting racial pride.

Who wrote 'The Souls of Black Folk' and what was its central theme?

W.E.B. Du Bois, highlighting the struggles of Black Americans and the need for cultural identity.

What was the impact of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

It established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legitimizing racial segregation.

What did the Harlem Renaissance represent?

A flourishing of Black cultural life, arts, and intellectualism in the 1920s.

What caused the Jim Crow laws to become widespread?

The dismantling of Reconstruction-era reforms and the establishment of segregation.

What was one effect of the Fifteenth Amendment on Southern politics?

The participation of thousands of African Americans in political office.

How did the Civil Rights movement aim to reclaim rights lost during the Jim Crow era?

By fighting against discriminatory laws and seeking equal protection under the law.

What major event led to discussions about racial violence and civil rights?

The increase in lynchings and racial terrorism against African Americans.

What did Booker T. Washington promote as a strategy for Black advancement?

Industrial education as a means for economic independence.

What cultural movement emerged after the Great Migration?

The Harlem Renaissance, emphasizing Black cultural expression and pride.

How did African Americans respond to the oppression they faced in the early 20th century?

Through resistance, cultural production, and political activism.

In what ways did photography support social change among African Americans?

By countering negative stereotypes and portraying positive depictions of Black life.

What was the relationship between African American music and cultural identity during the 1930s and 1940s?

Music became a means of expressing Black cultural identity and resilience.

What was the significance of the 'Negro Digs Up His Past' article?

It aimed to mobilize African Americans to reclaim their history and cultural contributions.

How did the migration of Afro-Caribbeans influence African American communities?

It sparked tensions but also blended cultural practices and beliefs.

What ongoing challenges did African Americans face after World War I?

Continued racial violence, economic exploitation, and systemic racism.

What did civil rights activists aim to achieve during the Reconstruction era?

To secure equal rights and opportunities for all African Americans.

What did the phrase 'Africa for the Africans' signify in the context of the UNIA?

A call for the return of African Americans to their ancestral homeland.

What was one legacy of the New Negro movement?

Ultimately fostering greater awareness and appreciation of Black culture and history.

What role did Black Greek-letter organizations play in the early 20th century?

They provided support for self-improvement and community service among African Americans.

How did the Great Migration change the socioeconomic landscape for African Americans?

By transitioning them from agriculture in the South to industrial jobs in the North.

What was one impact of the New Negro movement on African American literature?

Encouraged African Americans to express their own voices and experiences.

What was one outcome of the establishment of HBCUs?

Increased access to higher education for African Americans.

What did the red, black, and green flag represent in the context of Garvey's work?

A symbol of Black pride and solidarity in the struggle for liberation.

In what way did W.E.B. Du Bois differ from Booker T. Washington regarding Black uplift?

Du Bois advocated for a liberal arts education and civil rights, while Washington focused on vocational training.

What was one main focus of Black women leaders in the early 20th century?

Advocating for their rights within the Women's Suffrage movement.

How did sharecropping create economic challenges for African Americans?

It often resulted in debt and dependence on landowners.

What did the term 'nadir' refer to in American race relations?

The lowest point in the history of race relations in the United States, marked by violence and oppression of Black Americans.

What did the term 'color line' signify as articulated by W.E.B. Du Bois?

The racial discrimination and segregation barriers that African Americans faced.

What made urban areas appealing to Black migrants during the Great Migration?

Job opportunities boosted by labor shortages during the World Wars.

How did Afro-Caribbean migration affect Black communities in the U.S.?

It introduced new cultural perspectives and intensified racial dynamics.

Who was Gwendolyn Bennett and what was her contribution to Harlem Renaissance poetry?

A poet who explored themes of heritage and identity in her work.

What was the significance of artistic works produced during the Harlem Renaissance?

They celebrated Black culture and countered stereotypes of African Americans.

Why was the establishment of the Urban League significant during the Great Migration?

It helped African Americans acclimate to life in urban areas.

How did the abolition of slavery impact African American family structures?

It caused disruptions but also led to the creation of new family bonds and traditions.

Who was Ida B. Wells-Barnett?

An investigative journalist, educator, and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

What caused the Red Summer of 1919?

Heightened racial tensions after World War I, exacerbated by the Great Migration and competition for jobs and housing, leading to numerous violent outbreaks.

What was the 'New Negro'?

A term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance, denoting a renewed sense of pride, self-confidence, and cultural identity among African Americans after World War I.

What role did Black women play in the Civil Rights Movement?

They were pivotal in organizing and leading local movements, participating in sit-ins, freedom rides, and voter registration drives, often facing gender-specific challenges and violence.

What was the impact of the Great Migration on Black culture?

It led to the cross-pollination of Black cultures from the South to the North and West, influencing music, art, literature, and politics, and fostering a sense of shared identity and community.

Who was Marcus Garvey?

A Jamaican political activist, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated for Pan-Africanism and Black self-reliance.

What challenges did Black soldiers face returning from World War I?

Despite their service, they faced continued racial discrimination, segregation, and violence at home, often being denied the rights and opportunities they fought to defend abroad.

What was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance?

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, celebrating Black identity, creativity, and intellectual achievement.

How did the concept of 'double consciousness' affect African Americans?

Coined by W.E.B. Du Bois, it describes the internal conflict experienced by African Americans who are always aware of how they are perceived by the outside world, leading to a divided sense of self.