Clin Lab Final Blood and Urine

Dirofilaria immitis

Canine Heartworm

Prepatent period of Dirofilaria immitis

6 months

Where can you find Dirofilaria immitis

right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Infective stage of Dirofilaria immitis

L3

intermediate host of Dirofilaria immitis

mosquito

what can Dirofilaria immitis cause in dogs

right-sided congestive heart failure, fatal heart and liver failure, others are cough, ascites, and exercise intolerance

what can Dirofilaria immitis cause in cats

can be subclinical or have respiratory signs and vomiting; sudden death

Hepatozoon spp.: H. canis and H. americanum 

Hepatozoon

What species does Hepatozoon spp.: H. canis and H. americanum infect

dogs

what is Hepatozoon spp.: H. canis and H. americanum spread by

ticks

which of the species Hepatozoon spp.: H. canis and H. americanum is more pathogenic?

H. americanum

How do you identify Hepatozoon spp.: H. canis and H. americanum

INTRAcellular – malaria-like pill-shaped inclusions inside neutrophils and monocytes (WBCs)

what are the 2 forms of Hepatozoon spp.: H. canis and H. americanum

Gamonts and Schizonts 

What does Hepatozoon spp.: H. canis and H. americanum cause

Subclinical to fever, depression, and bone disease

Babesia spp.: B. canis, B. gibsoni, B. bovis

Babesia/Canine piroplasm

What species does Babesia spp.: B. canis, B. gibsoni, B. bovis infect

dogs and ruminants

What spreads Babesia spp.: B. canis, B. gibsoni, B. bovis

ticks 

Out of the Babesia spp. which is more pathogenic?

B. gibsoni

How do you identify Babesia spp.: B. canis, B. gibsoni, B. bovis

INTRAcellular - tiny basophilic, pear-shaped inclusions in RBCs; occurs in pairs that form an acute angle within the RBC

What does Babesia spp.: B. canis, B. gibsoni, B. bovis cause?

Causes damage by inflammation within the RBCs - anemia, hemolytic crisis, fever, icterus, splenomegaly, organ failure

Theileria equi (formerly Babesia equi); Babesia caballi

equine piroplasms 

What species does Theileria equi (formerly Babesia equi); Babesia caballi infect

horses 

What spreads Theileria equi (formerly Babesia equi); Babesia caballi

ticks

How does one identify Theileria equi (formerly Babesia equi); Babesia caballi

INTRAcellular – basophilic, pear-shaped throphozoites in RBCs, 4 organisms may be joined to give the effect of a Maltese cross

What does Theileria equi (formerly Babesia equi); Babesia caballi cause

Causes damage by inflammation within the RBCs - anemia, fever, depression, icterus, hemogloinuria, pale MM, weakness, enlarged spleen

Cytauxzoon felis 

Cytauxzoon

What species does Cytauxzoon felis infect

cats 

What spreads Cytauxzoon felis 

ticks

How do you identify Cytauxzoon felis 

INTRAcellular – small “engagement ring” inclusions in RBCs, referred to as a “bejeweled ring” shape

What does Cytauxzoon felis cause

Causes damage by inflammation within the RBCs - anemia, fever, icterus, enlarged spleen and liver; usually fatal

Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosome

What does Trypanosoma cruzi infect

humans and dogs

What spreads Trypanosoma cruzi

reduviid bugs aka kissing bugs 

What does Trypanosoma cruzi cause

Causes Chagas disease; Highly pathogenic: fever, lethargy, muscle aches, headaches, vomiting, rash, enlarged lymph nodes → chronic cardiac issues, megaesophagus, megacolon

how do you ID Trypanosoma cruzi

EXTRAcellular - banana-shaped with a thin, whip-like tail (flagellum) used for “swimming”

Klossiella equi

klossiella

what does Klossiella equi infect

horses

Where in the host does Klossiella equi live?

kidneys

What does Klossiella equi cause?

Non-pathogenic coccidian; can cause kidney inflammation in immune-compromised
horses or with heavy loads

Mycoplasma haemofelis

Feline Infectious Anemia (FIA)/Hemobartonellosis

How does one ID Mycoplasma haemofelis

INTRAcellular parasitic bacterium – cannot live outside red blood cells; Appears as coccoid, rod-shaped, or ringlike bacteria on RBCs, usually on the periphery

what does Mycoplasma haemofelis cause 

Infected blood cells are destroyed, causing progressive anemia and associated signs and symptoms (lethargy, pale MMs, death)

how is Mycoplasma haemofelis transmitted 

from queen to kitten although it is unclear how 

Ehrlichia spp.; E. canis/E. ewingii

Ehrlichia

what species does Ehrlichia spp.; E. canis/E. ewingii infect

dogs

what is Ehrlichia spp.; E. canis/E. ewingii spread by 

ticks 

how would you ID Ehrlichia spp.; E. canis/E. ewingii

WBC inclusions – small clusters (morulae) in the cytoplasm very rarely present on blood smear

what does Ehrlichia spp.; E. canis/E. ewingii cause

canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis; Fever, lethargy, anemia, joint pain, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes

Anaplasma spp.; A. phagocytophilum/A. platys
(formerly Ehrlichia platys)

Anaplasmosis

what species does Anaplasma spp.; A. phagocytophilum/A. platys infect

dogs and horses 

what spreads Anaplasma spp.; A. phagocytophilum/A. platys

ticks

what does A. phagocytophilum cause

causes granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (WBCs); Fever, muscle pain, fatigue, nausea, joint pain, lameness, vomiting, bleeding disorders

what does A. platys cause

causes thrombocytotrophic ehrlichiosis (platelets); Fever, anorexia, lethargy, swollen lymph nodes, thrombocytopenia

Anaplasma spp.; A. marginale

Anaplasmosis

what does Anaplasma spp.; A. marginale infect

cattle and other ruminants

what transmits Anaplasma spp.; A. marginale

ticks

how would you ID Anaplasma spp.; A. marginale

INTRAcellular - small, dark-staining cocci at the margin of the RBCs, and it must be differentiated from Howell-Jolly bodies, because their sizes are similar

Borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease, Borreliosis

what species does Borrelia burgdorferi infect?

humans, dogs, and sometimes cats

what spreads Borrelia burgdorferi

ticks

what does Borrelia burgdorferi cause

Gram-negative spirochete bacteria that causes symptoms of joint pain and swelling, shifting-leg lameness, lethargy, fever, anorexia, and kidney disease (43% increased risk of CKD); classic “bullseye'“ rash

Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasmosis 

what does Histoplasma capsulatum infect 

dogs, cats, and humans 

what does Histoplasma capsulatum cause

Fever, lethargy, weight loss, diarrhea, loss of appetite, coughing and labored or rapid breathing, eye infections, such as chorioretinitis or retinal detachment, pain or lameness in the joints

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Blastomycosis/Blasto

Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis found

found in regions of na: ohio river valley, missouri, mississippi, mid-atlantic states, pacific northwest, and canada

what does Blastomyces dermatitidis infect 

dogs and humans 

symptoms of Blastomyces dermatitidis

Fever, lethargy, weight loss, diarrhea, loss of appetite,
coughing and labored or rapid breathing, pain or
lameness in the joints, skin lesions, eye swelling

is Blastomyces dermatitidis zoonotic 

nah

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

feline lungworm 

what does Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infect

cats

where is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus located in host

respiratory bronchioles

what techniques can you use to diagnose Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

fecal float and baermann technique (b is more reliable)

is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus zoonotic

no

Eucoleus aerophilus

Capillarid lungworm of dogs and cats

where is Eucoleus aerophilus located in host 

adults are located in bronchi and trachea 

is Eucoleus aerophilus zoonotic

yes

Eucoleus böehmi

Respiratory capillarid of dogs

where is Eucoleus böehmi located in host

adults are located in nasal cavities and sinuses

are Eucoleus böehmi zoonotic

nope

Dioctophyma renale

“giant kidney worm” of dogs, mink, raccoons, and humans 

where does Dioctophyma renale live in the body of host

infects the right kidney.

symptoms of Dioctophyma renale

kidney/abdominal pain, enlargement, hematuria, proteinuria, lethargy, weight loss, can destroy entire contents of kidney, just leaving a “shell”

what lifecycle does Dioctophyma renale have 

indirect with 2 aquatic intermediate hosts (worm and frog or fish)

Pearsonema plica/ Pearsonema feliscati

bladder worm of dogs, foxes, and cats

what lifecycle does Pearsonema plica/ Pearsonema feliscati have

indirect; earthworm is the intermediate host 

symptoms of Pearsonema plica/ Pearsonema feliscati

usually asymptomatic, but can cause blood in urine, irritated bladder

where does Tritrichomonas spp. in the dog and cat host

the intestine or urogenital tract of dogs and cats

what can Tritrichomonas spp cause 

chronic diarrhea sometimes intermittent for years; mucoid, bloody, frequent urinating in small amounts, licking genital area 

where does Tritrichomonas spp live in a cattle host 

the genital tract. 

how can Tritrichomonas spp be transmitted (in cattle)

sexually transmitted

what can Tritrichomonas spp cause in cattle

can cause abortion in cattle and thus herd/economic losses

symptoms of Tritrichomonas spp in cattle 

bulls are asymptomatic carriers that infect the cows

does Tritrichomonas spp have a cyst stage

no, it have a pseudocysts form

Leptospira interrogans

leptospirosis, lepto

what shape of bacteria is Leptospira interrogans

helical or spirochaete 

how is Leptospira interrogans spread

by mostly rodents to dogs and wild animals to humans

how is Leptospira interrogans transmitted

by the urine of an infected animal and is contagious as long as the urine is STILL MOIST

what parts of the body does Leptospira interrogans invade 

many body tissues and organs; kidneys, liver, lungs, brain 

how can Leptospira interrogans enter the body

through a BREAK in the skin or mucous membranes including eyes and nose