Studied by 6 peoplemonomer
building bricks that join together to form larger structures called polymers
metabolism
all the enzymatic reactions that take place inside a living organism
anabolism
synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules; requires input of energy
catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules and includes the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers
hydrolysis reaction - catabolic
the breakdown of chemical bonds by the addition of water molecules; water is consumed
condensation reaction - anabolic
the reaction in which two smaller organic molecules combined to form a larger molecule with the accompanied formation of water or some other simple molecule
urea
CO(NH2)2; an organic compound used by the human body to excrete nitrogen; non-toxic and highly soluble
Friedrich Wöhler
artificially synthesized urea in 1828
vitalism
the idea that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living organisms because they have a “vital force”
why was the artificial synthesis of urea significant?
it helped falsify the theory of vitalism by proving that the artificial synthesis of urea from inorganic chemicals was possible
hydrolysis reaction - catabolic
amino acid
ribose
urea
CO(NH2)2; an organic compound used by the human body to excrete nitrogen; non-toxic and highly soluble
Friedrich Wöhler
artificially synthesized urea in 1828
vitalism
the idea that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living organisms because they have a “vital force”
why was the artificial synthesis of urea significant?
it helped falsify the theory of vitalism by proving that the artificial synthesis of urea from inorganic chemicals was possible
hydrolysis reaction - catabolic
the breakdown of chemical bonds by the addition of water molecules; water is consumed
condensation reaction - anabolic
the reaction in which two smaller organic molecules combined to form a larger molecule with the accompanied formation of water or some other simple molecule
thermal properties of water
evaporating water makes it break H-bonds and release energy and heat;therefore, it is a coolant
artificially synthesized urea in 1828
vitalism
the idea that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living organisms because they have a “vital force”
why was the artificial synthesis of urea significant?
beta glucose
cohesion
the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other due to the hydrogen bonding
organic compound
a compound that contains carbon and is found in living things
carbohydrates
most abundant carbon compound found in nature
composed primarily of C, H, and O
functions as a source of energy
ex. glucose, glycogen, starch, cellulose
universal solvent
all cellular reactions take place in liquid and rely on water to dissolve reactants
proteins
make up over 50% of dry wall cells
composed of C, H, N, O, and occasionally S atoms
major regulatory molecules involved in catalysis
ex. muscle, antibodies, enzymes, collagen
nucleic acid
genetic material of all cells
determines the inherited features of an organism
chains
formed from nucleotides
ex. DNA, RNA
2 purposes of metabolic reactions
to provide a source of energy for cellular processes
to enable the synthesis and assimilation of new materials to use within the cell
substances that can dissolve in water
glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride, oxygen (low)
Friedrich Wöhler
artificially synthesized urea in 1828
why do water and methane have different thermal properties
polarity of water and its capacity to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds
how do lipids travel through the bloodstream
they form complexes with proteins (lipoproteins)
how does methane differ from water
gas
non-polar
low boiling and melting point
low SHC and LHV
monosaccharide
a monomer of a carbohydrate that primarily functions as an energy source
polysaccharide
monosaccharides that are covalently joined together by glycosidic linkages to form polymers
cellulose (plant cell wall)
component of plant cell wall; linear molecules make of beta glucose subunits; subunits bound in a 1-4 arrangement
starch (energy storage in plants)
energy source in plants; composed of alpha glucose subunits and exist in two forms, amylose and amylopectin
amylose
linear (helical) alpha glucose subunits that is bound in 1-4 arrangements in starch
amylopectin
branched (1-4 & 1-6 arrangement) alpha glucose subunit in starch
glycogen
branched molecules composed on alpha glucose subunits; energy storage in animals
lipids
a glass of non-polar organic molecules that includes triglycerides, phospholipid, cholesterol, and steroids
triglycerides
lipids used for long-term energy source that contain 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. two main types are fat and oils
what are fatty acids
long hydrocarbon chains found in certain lipids that are principally found in triglycerides and phospholipids
saturated fatty acids
possess no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
are generally solid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids
possess double bonds
are generally liquids at room temperature
health problems of trans fats
increases LDL (takes cholesterol to the arteries)
decreases HDL (rids cholesterol)
polypeptides
amino acids linked by condensation reaction to create a macromolecule
synthesis of polypeptides takes place in..
ribosomes
how many different types of amino acids are found in proteins
20
primary structure of proteins
the sequence of amino acids in a protein
defines all aspects of structure and function
secondary structure
involved the folding of chains on themselves to form alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
formed by hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl group) and the amine group of the amino acid
tertiary structure
3D arrangement of a polypeptide
forces responsible for the formation of the tertiary structure are: hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bond, etc.
these bonds form between the different R groups of the amino acid chains
quaternary structure
more than 1 tertiary structure bonded together in a multi-subunit complex
can also include non-amino groups known as prosthetic groups like metal ions, sugars, vitamins
ex. hemoglobin and rubisco
proteomes
an organism’s unique set of proteins that are influenced by the genome
globular proteins
spherical mass with a specific 3D shape
they fold up so that hydrophilic groups are on the outside and hydrophobic groups are on the inside
fibrous proteins
form long chains or fibres
their fibrous nature makes them insoluble in water therefore useful for structure and support
denaturation
the process in which some proteins lose their secondary and tertiary structure (and in some cases also quaternary) because of rising temperatures or pH of the surroundings change
rubisco
globular
a protein found in the fixation of carbon dioxide in plants
insulin
globular
a hormone produced in the beta cells of the pancreas which is involved in glucose intake from the blood
immunoglobin
globular
large Y shaped proteins also called antibodies
involved in fighting infections and recognizing and binding to antigens
rhodopsin
globular
a protein linked to pigment that is found in the photoreceptors of the eyes
allows very low light intensities to be detected
collagen
fibrous
a structural protein found in muscles, tendons, and ligaments
also occurs in the skin and bones where it prevents tearing and fracturing
spider silk
fibrous
a protein produced by spiders for their webs
it can be extended and is very resistant to breaking
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