WHAP Unit 0: Ancient Civilization

8000 BCE was when the _____ revolution occured

Neolithic; first agricultural revolution

neolithic revolution started in _____

middle east

why did agriculture support the development of cities?

a food surplus as a result of a controlled food supply led to a stable increase in population.

how did agriculture lead to herding?

abundance of food gave them more time to experiment with domestication of animals

what were the negative impacts of agriculture

long term negative social and environmental impacts, aided slavery.

when did the neolithic era start

8000 BCE

type of lifestyle/society in neolithic era

sedentary

how did people in the paleolithic era get food

hunters and foragers/gatherers

where did a lot of people choose to settle in the paleolithic era

coasts and near water sources because of fishing and clean water.

characteristics of the people (paleolithic)

healthy bones and teeth, less time working, more time spent on music and arts.

paleolithic food mostly consisted of \____

fruits, nuts, berries, wild grains, grasses, meat (mostly fish)

type of society/lifestyle (paleolithic era)

nomadic

in the paleolithic era they created \___

fire and basic weapons

the paleolithic era is also known as the \____

old stone age

Characteristics of a civilization

* advance cities (center of trade)
* specialized workers
* complex institutions
* record keeping
* advanced technology

mesopotamia is also known as the

fertile crescent; land between two rivers

mesopotamia is between which rivers

tigris and euphrates

mesopotamia is located in modern day \_____

iraq, kuwait, syria

the first \____ were in mesopotamia

cities which came from the first agricultural settlements

primary economic activities in mesopotamia

fishing, agriculture, livestock

during what time period were there competing city states in mesopotamia

4000 BCE - 3100 BCE

during what time period was mesopotamia united under the akkadian empire.

2300 BC to 2100 BC

the akkadian empire broke apart in to form the _ and _ empires

;assyrian and babylonion

in mesopotamia there was innovation in

advanced mathematics, architecture, astronomy, units of time (months and days)

literacy innovation in mesopotamia

writing system called cuneiform

at its peak, ancient egypt reached

as far north as syria and as far south as sudan

ancient egypt was composed of \______ during \_____

independent city-states; around 2130 BCE to around 1938 BCE

pharohs were considered to be \_____ while alive and \___ after they died

“divine liasons” between the people and the gods they worshipped; gods

innovations in ancient egypt

written language, math (measured length and time, created 24 hour and 365 day year, a unit of measurement called cubit, and a solar calendar), dams, canals, irrigation systems, papyrus (paper used for writing and record keeping)

what are ancient egyptian temples called

ziggurat (and they are used for other things besides just religious events)

gender roles in ancient egypt

relatively more gender quality since women could be pharohs

political hierarchy in ancient egypt

clear hierarchy; pharohs are rulers, priests and vizers are at the top of the hierarchy.

type of political system in ancient egypt

theocracy

how did ancient egyptians interact with other cultures

transport through the cities through the nile; it was also hard to invade bc of natural barrier from the desert.

ancient egyptian beliefs about religion, death and the afterlife

polytheistic and believed in many gods and deities; tombs need to be full of things they may need after death (only pharohs and other rulers/higher class); mummification; life after death, rulers become gods.

ancient egyptian architecture style

simple geometric shapes

ancient egyptian technological advances

number system made of repeating symbols; calendar; pictographic writing system (commonly used for records); ploughs for farming.

sumer is also known as \____

mesopotamia

gender roles in sumer

women in lower class could not be equal to men, however noble women were more equal, for example they were able to own property, businesses.

social/political hierarchy in sumer

high priests + nobles are rulers

type of gov’t in sumer

theocracy

what was the Code of Hammurabi (and where is it from)

the first law code to be written down (had different rules based on gender and social class); from sumer.

sumer interaction

rivers allowed easy access, more ways to invade and appear to have been in numerous wars.

sumer beliefs in religion and the afterlife

polytheistic and had deities but no afterlife

sumer architecture

more elaboraate and complex

sumer technological advances

complex number system based on 60; detailed calendar

economics in sumer

fertile soil aided in agriculture and livestock, the rivers enabled trade

ancient egypt economics

fertile soil along the river enabled agriculture and livestock. had specialized jobs such as metallurgy, basket weaver, and artisans.

location of greece is good for \____

peninsula in Mediterranean sea; good for seafaring and trade

greece transported \____

grain, timber, grapes and olives, gold and other metals

how did greece get a written language

through interaction with other cultures through trade

why was greece seperated into city states (polis) with local governments

because of natural physical barriers sucah as mountains, islands, and a lack of rivers.

who could be citizens in greece?

free males who were born in greece; patriarchy

purpose of an acropolis

gov’t buildings and temples high up so that it’s harder to attack and easier to defend

monarch vs tyrant in ancient greece and effects of each.

monarchs were hate. merchants and farmers allied behind tyrants to overthrow monarchs. tyrant were in charge for a period of time and the people like them until they began to abuse their power, they were then overthrown and this led to democracy in some poleis.

at what ages were boys in sparta a part of the military

7-60

women’s roles in sparta

women ran households, owned property, had an education, had to be athletic

greek slaves

helots; usually captives

phalanx

spartan fighting formation

hoplite

spartan foot soldier

sparta type of governmetn

oligarchy controlled by two kings; tight control

early athenians governments

monarchies

athens is known as

birthplace of democracy

solon

set enslaved greeks free and limited land that you could own

what type of democracy was athens

direct democracy (composed of 9 officials called archons, a council of nobles and a citizen assembly (senate of 300 men))

when did greek tyrants overthrow aristocrats

650 bce

when did athens become a direct democracy

500 bce

who was pericles

rebuilt parthenon, created council of 500 and people’s courts

gender roles in athens

women were considered mentally and academically inferior to men. they could not own property, get an education, vote, get a divorce, and upper class women couldn’t leave home alone.

athens philosophy

spread through sea trade. ex) art, mathematics, literature (iliad and odyssey by homer)

socrates

developed systematic questioning called “socratic method”.

plato

followed socrates’ ideas with starting a school called the academy. wrote dialogues about gov’t justice and ethics. ex) The Republic (book about a society ruled by philosopher kings, not democracy)

aristotle

plato’s student. known for ideas ab ethics (golden mean, avoid ethical extremes). emphasis on empiricism (knowledge through observation and sensory evidence). emphasis on logic, no emphasis on experimentation

athenian religion

based on myths, became syncretic bc of trade and contact. connected with literature, lots of plays were based on myths. comedies and tragedies. connected to architecture style (columns)

athens is known for emphasis on

education

persian empire conquered lands from \____ to \____

aegean sea; borders of india (559 bce)(cyrus the great)

1st persian empire became known as

achaemenid empire

Persian leaders claimed to rule by \____

divine right

How did persians control their empire

the divided land into provinces led by satraps who were monitored by inspectors

the persian empire divided land into \_____ led by \_____ who were monitored by \____

provinces; satraps; inspectors

persians established \_____

regular tax payments called tributes

tributes projects funded projects such as:

capital city, persepolis, filled with art from across the empirethe royal road, 1500 mi longcaravanseri, a combination of inns and markets along the royal road for travelerscommon currency

how did persians keep their people happy

allowed autonomy, religious tolerance,

what was Gate of all Nations/ Gateway of Xerxes

a gate at the entrence to persepolois to show that they are accepting of all people.

religious beliefs in perian empire

sycretism. very diverse. spread of monotheism. zorastrianism

what is zorastrianism

a religion began by zorathustra who taught about a belief in one god called Ahura Mazda (wise lord) believed in a god of darkness, heaven and hell. Magi (priests) passed down the religion orally until a collection of texts called the Avestas were created

persian society

large class of well-educated, well-paid, gov’t workers. large number of slaves. patriarchy but women were allowed to own + mortgage property, and keep wages they earned.

persian gender roles

patriarchy, but women were allowed to own + mortgage property, and keep wages they earned.

persian army

firghting force known as immortals. strong military. larger than greece.

long term effect of persian war

athens and sparta becoming long time enemies bc they each think they are responsible for winning the war.

Peloponnesian War

athens vs sparta. sparta wins

in the peloponnesian war, athes forms the \_____ and sparta forms the \_____

delian league; peloponnesian league

effedct of peloponnesian war

since greece was weak from fighting, alexander the great was able to conquer greece, as well as the entire persian empire

at its peak, how far did ancient rome strethc

north atlantic, to persian gulf (117 CE)

what were the three major periods in ancient rome

Regal, republican, imperial

ancient rome: regal

753 bce - 510 bce. monarchy, seven kings. 1st king (romulus) was said to have founded rome in 753 bce.

ancient rome: republican

509 bce - 29 bce. primarily ruled by 2 reps called preators (consuls). one of them became julius ceasar (49-44bce)

ancient rome: imperial

27bce - 476 ce. octavian - peace (27bce - 14ce) first emperor. nero - (54 ce - 68ce) believed to be rome’s cruelest emperor

what did rome create

aqueducts, 50,000 mi road system

latin

acquired by romans after conquering latium