Age of Jackson (1828-1840)

Election of 1824

Four-way race decided by House when no candidate won majority; John Quincy Adams defeated Jackson

The Deal

Alleged "corrupt bargain" where Henry Clay supported Adams for president in exchange for appointment as Secretary of State-

Favorite Son Election

Election of 1824 where regional candidates each carried their home areas rather than building national coalitions-

Republicans/ Democrats

By 1828, Democratic-Republicans split into National Republicans (later Whigs) and Democrats supporting Jackson

Rachel Donnellson Robards Jackson

Andrew Jackson's wife who died before his inauguration, subject of attacks during campaign-

"To the Victor Goes the Spoils"

Statement by Senator Marcy defending Jackson's practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs-

Spoils System

Practice of appointing political supporters to government positions regardless of qualifications-

Rotation System

Jackson's policy of rotating government officials to prevent corruption and democratize office-holding

Tariff of 1828 or of Abominations

High protective tariff denounced by South as economically harmful to agricultural regions-

South Carolina Exposition & Protests 1828

Calhoun's anonymous document arguing states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws-

Doctrine of Nullification

Theory that states could declare federal laws void within their borders if unconstitutional-

Webster-Hayne Debate 1830

Senate debate over states' rights where Webster defended federal union against nullification

"The Toast" by Jackson

Jackson's 1830 toast declaring "Our Union: It must be preserved" challenging nullification advocates-

Indian Relocation Act of 1830

Law authorizing removal of Native Americans from Southeast to lands west of Mississippi-

Oklahoma Territory

Region designated for relocated Native American tribes under Indian Removal Act-

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole nations forced west during Indian removal-

Worchester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court ruling that Cherokee Nation was sovereign, ignored by Jackson-

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

1831 case where Court ruled Cherokees were "dependent domestic nation" not foreign state-

Trail of Tears

Forced 1838 march of Cherokees to Oklahoma where thousands died from disease, starvation, and exposure-

Martin Van Buren

Jackson's Vice President and successor, served 1837-1841 during economic depression

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's informal group of advisors, often more influential than official Cabinet members-

Margaret "Peggy" ONeal Timberlake Eaton and Petticoat Wars (Eaton Malaria)

Cabinet wives' social ostracism of Peggy Eaton caused Cabinet crisis, supporting Van Buren's rise-

"King Veto"

Critics' nickname for Jackson due to his frequent use of presidential veto power-

Election of 1832

Jackson's reelection victory over Henry Clay, first election with national party conventions-

2nd Bank of the U.S.

National bank chartered in 1816 that Jackson opposed as unconstitutional and benefiting wealthy elites-

Nicholas Biddle

President of Second Bank who fought Jackson over bank's recharter, losing "Bank War"-

Biddle Battle

Conflict between Jackson and Biddle over renewal of Second Bank's charter-

Bank Veto

Jackson's 1832 veto of Second Bank recharter bill, popular with common people-

"Pet Banks"

State banks where Jackson deposited federal funds after removing them from Second Bank-

Whig Party

Political party formed in 1834 opposing Jackson's policies and supporting national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements-

Specie Circular

Jackson's 1836 order requiring payment for public lands in gold or silver, contributing to Panic of 1837-

Election of 1836

Van Buren defeated multiple Whig candidates in first election after Jackson's retirement-

Panic of 1837

Economic depression caused by Jackson's banking policies, land speculation, and international factors-

Independent Treasury Act

Van Buren's 1840 solution creating system to hold government funds separate from private banks-

Sub Treasuries

Regional federal depositories established by Independent Treasury Act to manage government funds-

Election of 1840

Whigs' "log cabin and hard cider" campaign elected William Henry Harrison over Van Buren-

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too?"

Whig campaign slogan referencing Harrison's military victory and running mate John Tyler-