Key terms

affirmative consent

the assurance that all parties engaging in a sexual encounter are informed, autonomous, and otherwise capable of making a valid choice regarding engaging in sexual activity

Assortative mating

theory stating that people find partners based on their similarity to each other

abusive relationship

relationships in which one person becomes aggressive toward the partner

battered spouse syndrome

situation occurring when a spouse or partner believes that they cannot leave the abusive situation and may even go so far as to kill their abuser 

Cohabitation

people in committed, intimate, sexual relationships who live together but are not married

marital success

umbrella term referring to any martial outcome

marital quality

subjective evaluation of couple’s relationship on a number of different dimensions

marital adjustment

degree to which spouses accommodate each other over a certain period of time

marital satisfaction

global assessment of one’s marriage

homogamy

similarity of values and interests

exchange theory

relationship, such as marriage, based on each partner contributing something to the relationship that the other would be hard pressed to provide

vulnerability-stress-adaptation model

model that proposes that marital quality is dynamic process resulting from the couple’s ability to handle stressful events in the context of their particular vulnerabilities and resources

Nuclear family

most common form of family in western societies, consisting only of parents and children

Extended family

most common form of family around the world, one in which grandparents and other relatives live with parents and children

familism

idea that the family’s well-being takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members

Collaborative divorce

voluntary, contractually based alternative dispute resolution process for couples who want to negotiate a resolution of their situation rather than have a ruling imposed on them by a court or an arbitrator 

meaning-mission fit

alignment between an organization’s mission and their employees that provides a richer, more supportive environment for their employees’ happiness, job satisfaction, emotional well-being

career construction theory

posits that people build careers through their own actions that result from the interface of their own personal characteristics and the social context

social cognitive carrer theory (SCCT)

proposes career choice is a result of the application of Bandura’s social cognitive theory, especially the concept of self-efficacy 

Vocational maturity

degree of congruence between people’s occupational behavior and what is expected of them at different ages

employability skills mapping

a way to help people identify job skills that are in demand with the skills they have and can demonstrate and how to acquire them if they have gaps

reality shock

situation in which what you learn in the classroom does not always transfer directly into the “real world” and does not represent all you need to know

mentor

a person who is part teacher, sponsor, model, and counselor who facilitates on the job learning to help a new hire do the work required in their present role and to prepare for future roles

developmental or executive coach

individual who helps a person focus on their goals, motivations and aspirations to help them achieve focus and apply them appropriately

Reverse mentoring 

occurs when a more senior, experienced professional is paired with a colleague who may vary in experience, background or perspective such that the senior professional becomes the mentee and the other professional serves as the mentor

Reciprocal mentoring

occurs when each member of the pair switch roles from time to time depending on the situation

micro-mentoring

occurs when a more knowledgeable or experienced worker serves as a mentor on specific task

job satisfaction

positive feeling that results from an apprasial of one’s work

psychological capital theory

notion that having a positive outlook improves processes and outcome

alienation

situation in which workers feel what they are doing is meaningless and their efforts are devalued or when they do not see the connection between what they do and the final product 

burnout

a state of emotional, physical and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress

passion

a strong inclination toward an activity that individuals like (or even love), that they value (and thus find important) and in which they invest time and energy

gender discrimination

denying a job to someone solely on the basis of the person’s gender

glass ceiling

the level to which women may rise in an organization but beyond which they may not go

glass cliff

situation in which a woman is put into a leadership position because an organization is in a precarious situation

boomerang employees

individuals who terminate employment at one point in time but return to work in the same organization at a future time

career plateauing

situation occurring when there is a lack of challenge in the job or promotional opportunity in the organization or when a person decides not seek advancement

backup care

emergency care for dependent children or adults so the employee does not need to lose a day of work

work-family conflict 

the feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by incompatible demands from job and family

leisure

a discretionary activity that includes simple relaxation, activities for enjoyment, and creative pursuits

skeletal maturity

the point at which bone mass is greatest the skeleton is a peak development, occurs at around age 18 for women and 20 in men

osteoporosis

disease in which bones become porous and extremely easy to break 

dual-energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) test

test of bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and spine

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

compounds that are not estrogens but have estrogen-like effects on some tissues and estrogen-blocking effects on other tissues

Osteoarthritis

most common form of arthritis, a disease marked by gradual onset of bone damage with progression of pain and disability together with minor signs of inflammation from wear and tear

Rheumatoid arthritis

more destructive disease of the joints that develops slowly, it typically affects different joints and causes different types of pain than osteoarthritis does

Climacteric

biological process during which women pass from their reproductive to nonreproductive years

menopause

point at which menstruation stops, and is officially diagnosed after periods have stopped for 12 consecutive months

Perimenopause

individually varying time of transition from regular menstruation to menopause

Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)

therapy in which women take low doses of estrogen, which is often combined with progestin (a synthetic form of progesterone)

stress and coping paradigm

framework that views stress not as an environmental stimulus or as a response, but as the interaction of thinking person and an event 

Primary apprasial

process that categorizes events into three groups based on the significance they have for one’s well-being, irrelevant, benign or positive and stressful

secondary appraisal

process that evaluates one’s perceived ability to cope with harm, threat or challenge

Reappraisal 

process of making a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from changes in the situation

coping

attempt to deal with stressful events

problem focuses coping

attempts to tackle a problem head on

emotion focused coping

dealing with one’s feelings about a stressful event

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened

mindfulness-based stress reduction

being aware and nonjudgmental of whatever is happening at that moment

aerobic exercise

exercise that places moderate stress on the heart by maintaining a pulse rate between 60% and 90% of a person’s maximum heart rate

practical intelligence

broad range of skills related to how individuals shape, select or adapt to their physical and social environments

mechanics of intelligence

those aspects of intelligence comprising fluid intelligence

pragmatics of intelligence

those aspects of intelligence reflecting crystallized intelligence

neuroticism

personality trait dimension associated with the tendency to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, depressed, impulsive and vulnerable

extraversion

personality trait dimension associated with the tendency to thrive on social interaction to like to talk, to take charge easily to

openness to experience

personality dimension that reflects a tendency to have a vidi imagination and dream life, an appreciation of art and a strong desire to try anything once

agreeableness

dimension of personality associated with being accepting, willing to work with others, and caring

conscientiousness

dimension of personality in which people tend to be hard working, ambitious, energetic, scrupulous, and persevering

personality adjustment 

developmental changes in term of their adaptive value and functionality such as whether one can functions effectively within society and how personality contributes to everyday life running smoothly 

personality growth

form of personality that refers to ideal end states such as increased self-transcendence, wisdom, and integrity

Generativity

in Erikson’s theory, being productive by helping others to ensure the continuation of society by guiding the next generation

Stagnation

in erikson’s theory, the state in which people are unable to deal with the needs of their children or to provide mentoring to younger adults 

narrative

way in which a person derives personal meaning from being generative by constructing a life story, which helps create the person’s identity

midlife correction

reevaluating one’s roles and dreams and making the necessary correction

Kinkeeper

person who gathers family members together across generations for celebrations and keeps them in touch with each other, usually a middle aged mother 

sandwich generation

middle-aged adults who are caught between the competing demands of two generations, their children their own aging parents

filial obligation

sense of obligation to care for one’s parents if necessary

grandfamilies 

families headed by a grandparent