Studied by 2 people
Mound Builders
Native group located in the Ohio River Valley.
Major settlement was at Cahokia in Mississippi,
central mound 100ft. tall and spanning 16 acres.
mounds of earth which could be used as temples/burial sites/town squares, earning them their name.
began disappearing between 1100 CE and 1300 CE.
Reasons: climate change or deforestation.
likely ancestors of the Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee tribes
Cahokia
major settlement of the Mound Builders
located in Mississippi
had a central mound that was 100 ft. tall and spanned an area of 16 acres at the base.
home to up to 25,000 people
Three sister farming
corn, beans, and squash
Haudenosaunee Confederation (Iroquois)
Haudenosaunee Confederation/Haudenosaunee League/Iroquois
inspired by Hiawatha
North American version of the empires located in Mexico and Peru.
significant military alliances.
relied on agriculture for food
lived in sedentary, permanent villages.
matrilineal culture
participated in trade with other native groups
Hiawatha
A legendary figure that inspired the Haudenosaunee Confederation.
Caravel
ship developed by Portuguese mariners which could sail closely into the wind
allowed a new way to return to Europe from Africa using westward wind.
Plantation agriculture
large-scale commercial agriculture relying heavily on slave labor
Columbian Exchange
Christopher Columbus “discovered” America in 1492.
brought Americas into the worldview of Europe and Africa.
Columbus was an Italian seafarer sponsored by Spain
believed he was in the “Indies”
completely changed the international economy/European diet
tomatoes, maize, beans, sugarcane, and potatoes
Europeans brought to the Americas cattle, swine, and horses as well as European crops.
Native groups used horses
brought diseases (smallpox, malaria, yellow fever)
decimated Native populations with up to 90% of Native Americans dying from disease, violence, and enslavement
Treaty of Tordesillas
written in 1494 and
divided the New World between Spain and Portugal
Spain received most of the Americas, Portugal got more land in Africa and Asia + Brazil.
Doctrine of Discovery
gave European, Christian explorers the ability to claim any land not inhabited by Christians
Encomienda
“commend” (give) Indians colonists who would try to Christianize them
basically slavery
de Las Casas
Bartolome de Las Casas
Spanish missionary who disapproved of the encomienda system
called it “a moral pestilence invented by Satan.”
Noche triste
June 30, 1520
The Aztecs attacked the Spanish conquistadores,
driving them from Tenochtitlan
Cortes laid siege to the city
surrendered on August 13, 1521
Mestizo
children of Spanish conquistadors and Native women
Conquistadores
participated in the exploration of the Americas.
claimed for their church and crown large portions of the Americas
destroyed the Aztec and Incan empires
they used swords and had various motivations, but all wanted gold
Battle of Acoma
1599
Spanish sentenced the Indian survivors to twenty years of servitude
cut off one foot of any men over the age of 25
called the area the province of New Mexico in 1609
created its capital at Santa Fe in 1610
Pueblo Revolt aka Pope’s Rebellion
1680
missionaries' attempt to convert Natives to Christianity and suppress native customs
Pueblo rebels destroyed all of the Catholic churches
killed the priests and settlers
built a kiva (ceremonial religious chamber) on the former Spanish plaza
fifty years for the Spanish to regain control of New Mexico.
Junipero Serra
1769
Serra led Spanish missionaries to the southern California coast
buildt 21 missions
San Diego to Sonoma
worked to Christianize them and taught horticulture and crafts
Black Legend
concept popularized by Spain’s Protestant rivals
conquistadors simply tortured and killed the Natives, gave them diseases, and stole their gold.
also created an empire that mixed the cultures, laws, religion, and language that would create many of the Spanish speaking nations
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who was the first to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese explorer
first to reach India through the water route (giving the name Indes to all the lands of the Orient)
returned with jewels and spices in 1498.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer who left Cuba in 1519 to sail for Mexico
rescued a Spanish castaway who was enslaved by Mayan speaking Indians and Malinche, a female Indian slave who spoke Mayan and Nahuatl (language of the Aztecs)
explored and conquered the Valley of Mexico
conquered the Aztec civilization.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in Peru in 1532
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish explorer
explored through Florida in 1513 and 1521
looking for gold (not the fabled fountain of youth)
Hernando de Soto
explorer searching for gold
instead found the Mississippi River north of its junction with the Arkansas River traveling westward from Florida in 1539-1542
Francisco Coronado
searching for legendary gold cities and instead found adobe pueblos
explored Arizona, New Mexico, and Kansas
discovered the Grand Canyon and the buffalo herds of the plains.
explored from 1540-1542.
Robert de La Salle
traveled through down the Mississippi River in the 1680s
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
explored the California coast in 1542
completely missed San Francisco Bay or anything interesting
California’s Native people were undisturbed for another 200 years until Fr. Juniper Serra arrived
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513
claimed all lands it touched for his king
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
explored around the Guld of Mexico
reached Tampa Bay in 1528
Jaques Cartier
French navigator
explored northern part of North America in 1513
three voyages
John Cabot
aka Giovanni Caboto
sent by England
explored northeastern coast of North America
1497 and 1498
Note 
Flashcard (32)